LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 590.5 CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reason* for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN BUILDING USE ONLY MAR 1 6 199? MAR 1 6 1997 FCB 8 5 20W 1 6 2000 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 T '7 s FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 269 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XVII, No. 5 A STUDY OF THE TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER, PIRANGA FLAVA BY JOHN T. ZIMMER ASSISTANT CURATOR OP BIRDS WILFRED H. OSGOOD CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDITOR CHICAGO, U. S. A. DECEMB^I 18, 1929 T 17* P. 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 269 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XVII, No. 5 A STUDY OF THE TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER, PIRANGA FLAVA BY JOHN T. ZIMMER ASSISTANT CURATOR OF BIRDS WILFRED H. OSGOOD CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDITOR CHICAGO, U. S. A. DECEMBIgl 18, 1929 Field Museum of Natural History Zoology, Vol. XVII, No. 5, Plate I 1. P.f. flava 2. " " rosacea 3. " " saira 4. " " macconnelli 5. " " lutea 6. " " desidiosa 7. " " faceta 8. " " haemalea 9. " " testacea 10. " " albifacies 11. " " figlina 12. " " dextra 13. " " hepatica Asterisks indicate type localities. DISTRIBUTION OF PIRANGA FLAVA FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 269 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XVII, No. 5 A STUDY OF THE TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER, PIRANGA FLAVA BY JOHN T. ZIMMER ASSISTANT CURATOR OF BIRDS WILFRED H. OSGOOD CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY CHICAGO, U. S. A. DECEMBER 18, 1929 C PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS / V . A STUDY OF THE TOOTH -BILLED RED TANAGER, PIRANGA FLAVA BY JOHN T. ZIMMER The present study began in a comparative examination of the various tanagers allied to Piranga testacea with the object of deter- mining the affinities and relationships of the Peruvian race lutea, long known as tschudii. As the examination has progressed, it has become evident that certain members of the genus Piranga occupy positions of much closer relationship to testacea than have been accorded them in recent years. These relationships have been sug- gested occasionally by different authors, and hints may be found in the scattered literature on the group where, at one time and another, the forms have been variously united or combined. Ridgway (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. A. Birds, 1, p. 434, 1874) once considered testacea as a race of saira, and azarae (=flava) as a race of hepatica. D'Orbigny (Voy. Am. Me*r., Ois., p. 264, 1839) included certain specimens from Chiquitos, Bolivia, in the account of his azarae (=flava), while, more recently, Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, 1922) described the Chiquitos birds as a new race of saira, rosacea. Salvin and Godman (Biol. Cent. Amer. Aves, 1, p. 293, 1883) commented on the slight differences which separate testacea (including the more recently described lutea and desidiosa), azarae (=flava), hepatica, and haemalea. Examination of numerous specimens of these forms and certain of their unquestioned allies has fostered the belief that all are races of a single species whose distribution extends from eastern Argentina to southwestern United States with little interruption in continuity, though with lateral extensions into Brazil and the Guianas and into Venezuela and the Guianas in two lines of development which meet at their outward extremities. Throughout this extensive group, the color, general pattern, size, shape of bill, and other major characters are substantially identical or are subject to variability which largely overcomes the individual differences. There are certain features of 169 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII plumage and molt which seem to be present in all the forms under con- sideration but which are different from those of the other congeneric groups. The various forms replace each other geographically in all parts of the range. Finally, at the northern and southern extremities forms are produced which are strikingly alike in racial characters that are not shared by the intervening subspecies. These considerations together present a volume of evidence that is more than circumstantial. There is no question that all the forms under discussion are of common phylogenetic origin. Some of them are more strongly differentiated than others, some distinctly inter- grade with adjacent forms, while others are separated from their nearest allies by so slight a gap in proportion to the individual variation in that direction that the relationship is not seriously impaired. In the following treatment, therefore, I have considered as races of P. flava all the forms under discussion. I have omitted roseo-gularis and cozumelae which I believe to be sufficiently distinct from the remainder to warrant their retention in a separate species although their affinities are much closer to flava than to any other member of the genus Piranga. HABITAT Piranga flava is a bird of the somewhat open woods, the edges of groves, and scattered trees in the open. At certain seasons it may be found in heavy forest in flocks of its own or associated with vagabond troops of mixed origin, but at breeding tune it seems to return to the more open situations. In the most northern localities it particu- larly favors the pine-covered slopes of the mountains and the clumps of oaks in pine districts up to 9,000 feet (Bailey, Birds New Mexico, p. 667, 1928). In Mexico it is found from sea level up to some 3,000 meters on the eastern coast (Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, pt.4, p. 549, 1869 l hepatica'= dextra; Vera Cruz) and winters also at sea level on the Pacific side below Colima (Beebe, Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, pp. 306, 395, 1905 hepatica). These tropical coastal records provide evidence that the pine and oak association is not constant at all seasons. In northeastern Guatemala, at Poctum, figlina inhabits the pine ridge (Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 88, 1902) and in Salvador albifacies is found in pine-oak territory at about 3,500 feet (Van Rossem, MS.). Costa Rican records of testacea are from the Pacific lowlands and upper Caribbean slopes up to about 5,000 feet on the central plateau (Carriker, Ann. Car. Mus., 6, p. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 171 855, 1910). Carriker describes testacea as an inhabitant of heavy forest, having secured three females at La Hondura, but he records having noted another bird at Boruca which he says is mixed woodland and savanna. In Panama, Griscom (Am. Mus. Novit., 282, p. 10, 1927) records 'testacea subspecies' from Cape Garachine" which he describes as arid tropical; apparently it is much like the country about Colima, Mexico, where hepatica was found in winter. In Ecuador, lutea has been taken at sea level at Esmeraldas (Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 614, 1917 'testacea'}. This race was described originally from Callao, Peru, which is at sea level, and I have taken it at about 3,500 feet elevation at Santa Eulalia, above Callao, in similar arid tropical country, as well as at 10,400 feet in the arid temperate zone of the upper Maran6n River, and at 5,700 feet in humid subtropical conditions at Chinchao. In Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and parts of Bolivia, flava inhabits the open or sparsely wooded 'campos' at low elevations. Kerr (Ibis, 1892, p. 124) mentions its occurrence in open plains with scattered patches of scrubby trees. In winter it has been found in the wooded ravines of the sierras although as spring approaches it is said to abandon the mountains gradually and occupy the more open valleys (White, P. Z. S. London, 1883, p. 37). Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 392, 1926) notes it as common in forested areas where it is found with bands of other small birds in forest growth, usually in taller trees; since these notes do not refer to breeding examples they do not necessarily conflict with those of Kerr and White. D'Orbigny (Voy. Am. Mer., Ois., p. 264, 1839) gives the range as from near sea level to 2,000 meters. Exact vegeta- tional associations have not been reported. Northward, saira and macconnelli occur in sparsely wooded campos such as at Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2,500 feet. They are not reported from forested regions which lack all traces of open country. Still farther northward, faceta inhabits foothills and the lower mountain slopes in dry woods, avoiding excessive humidity, ranging from 2,000 to 5,000 feet in the Santa Marta region (Todd and Carriker, Ann. Car. Mus., 14, pp. 488-489, 1922); haemalea was described from Mt. Roraima, but all the evidence at hand tends to show that it does not inhabit the forest but rather the savanna at the foot of the mountain. It has been taken also at Quonga and Annai, farther to the eastward, at the edge of savanna country. Thus there is seen to be a certain variability in habitat according to locality and season, and the species apparently is not prohibited 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII from visiting certain regions outside of its breeding range through absence of a particular vegetational association, although it has some preferences. The zonal distribution of the species as a whole can not be given in general terms except to this extent, that the species does not commonly inhabit lowland tropical forest, that it prefers the lower slopes of the mountains and open woods but may be found in arid tropical regions where there is some growth of trees, and that it extends its range upwards on wooded mountain slopes where the forest is broken either by more open patches or by clearings. When savanna meets dense forest, it may occupy the edges of the woods. MIGRATION The migratory habit of the species has not been studied thoroughly. It is developed in north-temperate latitudes (in hepatica), but there is no evidence to show that it does more than carry the most northerly breeding individuals southward in winter just far enough to give them a warm climate for that season; those individ- uals which breed in such a climate may remain in the same latitude throughout the year. There is, however, some vertical or alti- tudinal migration and apparently also a certain vagrancy in tropical and subtropical regions which leads some of the races into territory in which they do not remain to breed. PLUMAGES AND MOLTS A general description may be drawn up for the entire species, to serve as a basis for comparison of the various races. Fully plumaged males are some tint or shade of red or scarlet-red, darker on the back, paler and clearer below, with a varying amount of duller shading on the flanks and across the breast. The lores are grayish or dusky white with a greater or lesser amount of red at the tips of the feathers; this pale area may be restricted to the lores or extended to include the chin, the anterior part of the malar region, and the auriculars, in varying amount. The top of the head may be uniform with the back or somewhat paler and brighter on the upper margin of the lores, across the forehead, or over the entire crown. The rump and upper tail-coverts are slightly brighter than the back; the under tail-coverts are usually brighter than the belly. The wings and tail are dark brown edged externally on quills and coverts with a tint of red somewhat brighter than the back. The under wing-coverts are pink; the inner margins of the remiges are dull 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 173 pink. The bill is blackish with a more or less pronounced pale spot on the gonys behind the tip, and is usually strongly toothed in the middle of the maxillary tomia. The size of this tooth varies within the limits of every race and in some specimens there is little trace of it, but the adult bill is always dark in color. Females are olive yellow or green above and clear yellow below, with as much variation in tone as occurs in the red of the males. The pattern is that of the male with yellow or green replacing red. The bill is the same in both sexes. The adult plumage of both sexes is modified by grayish edgings, dusky suffusions, and lighter or darker tones of the colors, and by extension or reduction of certain areas of pattern. These modifica- tions, with an occasional difference in size, produce all the varieties of the species; there is no pronounced differentiation in any form. Immature specimens of most of the races have not been available for study. A few scattered examples, mostly of molting birds which retain various portions of immature plumage, have made it possible to determine certain general characteristics. Young birds appear to be somewhat similar to adult females but are duller and browner, with obscure dusky streaks or dusky centers on most of the body plumage. The rectrices are more acute at the tips, the upper wing- coverts are margined with yellowish or buffy tints, and the outer remiges are edged with dull white or yellow. A young hepatica is described in detail under that race and such traces of immature plumage as have been found in other races are described similarly in their places. Very little information is on record regarding the changes of plumage due to age and season. From the evidence at hand the case appears to be complicated. Regardless of race or locality, many apparently adult males exhibit considerable irregularity or variety in the combination of red and green or yellow feathers. Different individuals are molting variously from red to red, from yellow and green to the same, from red to yellow, from yellow to red, or from particolor to particolor or to entire red or yellow. In certain instances, red birds not in molt exhibit yellow feathers at scattered places throughout the plumage, with these yellow feathers considerably fresher and less worn than the surrounding red ones as though accidental loss had resulted in the replacement of the missing feathers by some of the other color. Perhaps the most curious specimen of mixed molt that I have examined is a male of figlina from the Segovia River, Honduras 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII (U. S. Nat. Miis. No. 112,092). The left wing of this specimen shows the innermost secondaries fresh yellowish green replacing old worn red plumes; the right wing shows fresh red secondaries replacing worn yellowish ones. New primaries on the right are red; old ones on the left are red. In all, about forty-five percent of the apparently adult males examined of all the races show some traces of green or yellow in the plumage. Swarth (Pac. Coast Avif., 4, p. 47, 1904) reports that of the male hepatica seen by him in the Huachuca Mountains, there were hardly any that did not show some greenish yellow feathers. He also reports a breeding male, taken June 2, in full green and yellow, strikingly like the females but larger. Among a series of saira from Matto Grosso, Brazil, I have found two birds in plumage similar to the female but both sexed as males (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.Nos. 32,031 and 32,014). Both are without any signs of immaturity. Scott (Auk, 5, p. 30, 1888) notes that specimens of hepatica taken early in September demonstrate that in fall the males assume a plumage like that of the adult female and adds that he has found males in similar but not identical plumage breeding late in June. Scott's conclusions, however, seem to need some modification. Todd and Carriker (Ann. Car. Mus., 14, pp. 488, 489, 1922) remark that, in the Santa Marta region, males of faceta in first winter plumage resemble the adult females but that it is not clear whether or not they breed in this plumage. Four specimens are mentioned as having been taken from June 16 to August 2 in various stages of molt from this immature (first winter) plumage into adult dress, presenting mixed red and yellow coloration. The actual breeding time of most of the races has not been recorded and is determinable in some cases only through immature specimens. The breeding time of hepatica seems to be June and July. Bertoni (Hornero, 1, p. 190, 1918) found flava at Misiones, Argentina, breeding early in October. Carriker's notes mention several nests and eggs of faceta but give no dates for them. I have examined a young male of faceta from Caracas, Venezuela (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 34,684), taken in March, which is in first annual plumage of green and yellow although it retains a few Juvenal feathers not yet lost in the molt. Chapman (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 323, 1895) records a male 'haemalea' (=faceta), taken at Caura, Trinidad on April 21, in the plumage of the female but 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 175 with testes measuring about .18 inch in longer diameter, showing breeding time to be not far distant. Allen (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 21, p. 279, 1905) gives the general breeding season for birds in the Santa Marta region as from about the first of April to the middle of June, although no Piranga is mentioned in this connection. In Peru I found no nests of lutea, but other birds were breeding in the vicinity where it was collected in latter April, at the close of the rainy season. An August bird is in mixed plumage, with some distinctly yellowish brown feathers of comparatively fresh texture among worn and abraded red ones. Another male, taken in November, is replacing worn yellow by fresh red throughout. A series of specimens of hepatica and dextra (which occupy adjacent regions in Mexico and southwestern United States), taken in January and every month from March to October, demonstrates a complete molt beginning in July and finished in October, after which there is a gradually increasing amount of abrasion and bleach- ing until, at the breeding season, the birds are very worn and faded. In this series the first to show any molt is a male, dated July 22, in which the following areas only are affected forehead, chin, upper breast and sides, interscapulars, middle rectrices, inner primaries, and greater wing-coverts. An example dated August 15 shows the renewal of plumage to have progressed farther posteriorly. On September 24 the molt is still more advanced and almost complete; on October 19 it is perfectly complete. January 4 shows a bird in fresh, comparatively unworn plumage. On March 5, 21, and 22 some abrasion is evident; April 13, 24, and 25 abrasion is increased; May 27 there are traces of fading; June 5 and 22 there is increased fading and wear; July 2 shows a ragged, worn, and disreputable plumage in the last stage before the molt which, as shown above, is in progress on July 22. There is no indication of any prenuptial or other partial molt in any of these specimens, nor is there any place in the sequence where transformation could occur undetected except at the unlikely period between October 19 and January 4, immediately after the annual molt is complete. There are a few specimens throughout the series which show the renewal of an occasional odd feather or so, presumably lost by accident, but these renewals are too irregular and asymmetrical to form part of a true molt. Young birds by their post-juvenal molt apparently pass from the juvenal streaked plumage into the dress of the adult female 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII which they wear through the following breeding season. That this post-juvenal molt is sometimes only partial is suggested by several specimens which have retained certain parts of the Juvenal plumage after the molt seems to be complete. At the following annual molt the young males may acquire some red feathers but it is uncertain whether any of them obtain a fully red costume at this time. Possibly a gradually increasing amount of red is secured year by year until the entire plumage is red, but, on the other hand, some males may never acquire a fully red dress but may continue in particolored costume throughout life. A few examples appear to have the general tone of red modified by an orange tint without the possession of any definite areas of green or yellow. Piranga erythromelas shows the same tendency at times. The significance of these peculiarities is not easily determined. It seems possible that the males of Piranga flava, most of whose races are intertropical and non-migratory, have almost completely lost the faculty, once possessed, of assuming the female plumage during the winter. A repressed ability in this direction is shown by the adventitious renewal feathers and by the retention of parti- colored or yellowish-tinged plumage at other seasons. The loss of a distinct winter plumage probably was synchronous with the loss of a post-nuptial molt. Adventitious renewals, necessitated out of season, may possibly stir into activity certain dormant faculties and result in the acquisition of some of the lost post-nuptial plumage which may then remain as part of the annual plumage. Examples of mixed coloration have been mentioned as showing casual replace- ments of the wrong color, though the reason for the phenomenon is in the realm of speculation. In any case the effect is curious and has been misleading to many writers who, almost without exception, have recorded particolored specimens as showing certain transition from immature to adult plumage, regardless of season. The full explanation must await intensive study in the field or in the aviary. In the following discussion of the various races, the order of arrangement will be geographical, from south to north, beginning with the typical race. Descriptions will be detailed or comparative as occasion necessitates. Color terms when capitalized indicate direct comparison with Ridgway's "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature." Specimens are in Field Museum of Natural History unless otherwise noted. Many thanks are due to Dr. Frank M. Chapman, American Museum of Natural History, New York; Mr. W. E. C. Todd, 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 177 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mr. Outram Bangs, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. C. W. Richmond, U. S. National Museum, Washington; and Mr. Donald R. Dickey and Mr. A. Van Rossem, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, for the loan of comparative material without which this study could not have been made; also to Mr. Dickey and Mr. Van Rossem for permission to describe a new form found in material received from them. To Dr. C. E. Hellmayr, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, I am indebted for making various comparisons of specimens in European museums which have been of great assistance in deter- mining the status and distribution of certain forms. Piranga flava flava (Vieillot). "H(abia) amarilla" AZARA, Apunt., 1, p. 359, no. 87, 1802 Paraguay; 9 . "H(abia) punz6" AZARA, Apunt., 1, p. 359, no. 88, 1802 Paraguay; d*. S(altator) Flavus VIEILLOT, Tabl. Ency. M6th., 2, p. 791, 1822 ex Azara, Habia amarilla; 9 . S(altator) Ruber VIEILLOT (nee Fringilla rubra LINN.), Tabl. Ency. Me"th., 2, p. 792, 1822 ex Azara, Habia punzo; o". P(yranga) mississipensis LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY (nee Tanagra mississi- pensis GMELIN= Piranga r. rubra), Mag. Zool., 1837, cl. 2, p. 33 part, Paraguay; ex Azara. Pyranga Azarae D'ORBIGNY, Voy. Ame"r. Merid., Ois., p. 264, 1839 part, Paraguay, Buenos Aires, and Yungas 1 and Valle Grande, Bolivia; ex Azara; descr. 9, cf; crit.: HARTLAUB, Index Azara, p. 6, 1847 nomencl.: RIDGWAY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., June, 1869, p. 132 Paraguay (Capt. Page): FRENZEL, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891 Cordova, Argentina: HOLMBERG, Seg. Censo Rep. Argent., 1, (6), p. 543, 1895 Argentina; descr.: STEMPELMANN and SCHULZ, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 399, 1890 C6rdoba, Argentina. P(yranga) azarae BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., l,p. 241, 1850 Paraguay, Bolivia. Tanagra Azarae DOERING, Period. Zool., 1, p. 254, 1874 Rio Guayquiraro, Argentina. Pyranga saira SCLATER (nee Tanagra saira SPIX), P. Z. S. London, 1856, p. 124 part, Paraguay and Buenos Ayres: BARROWS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 91, 1883 Concepcion del Uruguay, Rio Uruguay: SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 80, 1862 part, synon. Pyranga coccinea BURMEISTER (nee Tanagra coccinea BODDAERT=P. r. rubra), Journ. Orn., 8, p. 253, 1860 Parana. ^'Orbigny's record from the "province" of Yungas is of uncertain allocation. It is not certain that he preserved a specimen from such a locality nor to what definite locality he referred. If he found a member of the group in the Yungas of La Paz it was almost certainly luiea; if in the Yungas of Cochabamba, it probably was rosacea; or it may have been typical flava from some other region south of the cordillera within some so-called province of Yungas. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII P(yranga) coccinea BURMEISTER, Reise La Plata, 2, p. 479, 1861 Parana, and "Banda Oriental" = Uruguay. (Pyranga hepatica) var. azarae RIDGWAY in BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. A. Birds, 1, p. 434, 1874 Paraguay. Pyranga azarae SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1879, p. 601 part, Cinti, Bolivia (part): SALVIN, Ibis, 1880, p. 353 Tucuman, Argentina: WHITE, P. Z. S. London, 1883, p. 37 Cosquin and Cordova, Argentina; migration and plumages: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 186, 1886 Uruguay; C6rdova, Salta, and Tucuman, Argentina; Cinti, Bolivia: WITHINGTON and SCLATER, Ibis, 1888, p. 462 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires: SCLATER and HUDSON, Argent. Ornith., 1, p. 40, 1888 Argentina: SALVADORI, Boll. Mus. Torino, 10, no. 208, p. 4, 1895 Colonia Risso, n. Paraguay: KERR, Ibis, 1892, p. 124 Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo R., Argentina: SALVADORI, Boll. Mus. Torino, 12, no. 292, p. 6, 1897 Aguairenda, s. e. Bolivia; San Francisco, San Lorenzo (Jujuy), and Tala (Salta), Argentina: BERTONI, Rev. Agron. Parag., 1, (9 and 10), p. 531, 1898 nest, eggs, food habits: GRANT, Ibis, 1911, p. 94 Colonia Mihanovitch and Santa Elena, n. Argentina. Pyranga flava KOSLOWSKY, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 278, 1895 Chilecito, La Rioja, Argentina; plumages: LILLO, Anal. Mus. Nac. B. Aires, 8, p. 175, 1902 Tucuman: BAER, Ornis, 12, p. 215, 1904 Santa Ana, Tucuman: BRUCH, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904 Salta, Oran: LILLO, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Tucuman, 3, p. 41, 1905 Tucuman: GIACOMELLI, An. Soc. Cient. Argent., 63, p. 283, 1907 Rioja, Argentina: FONTANA, Sist. Av. Reg. Andina, p. 7, 1908 Catamarca, Argentina: BERLEPSCH, Ber. V Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1063, 1912 part, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argen- tina, Bolivia (Samaipata, Olgin, San Jose Misque) : ARRIBALZAGA, Hornero, 2, p. 97, 1920 Chaco, Argentina. Piranga flava KOSLOWSKY, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 290, 1895 Catamarca, Argentina: DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. B. Aires, 18, p. 376, 1910 Argen- tina: BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 62, 1914 Misiones, Argentina, and s. Paraguay: REED, Aves Prov. Mendoza, 1, p. 42, 1916 Mendoza oriental (errore): BERTONI, Hornero, 1, p. 190, 1918 Misiones, Argentina; descr. nest and eggs: idem, Anal. Cient. Par., 2, p. 246, 1918 Paraguay: TREMO- LERAS, Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 Paysandu; Rio Negro; Salto, Uruguay: SERIE and SMYTH, Hornero, 3, p. 53, 1923 Santa Elena (Entre Rios), Argentina: PEREYRA, Hornero, 3, p. 174, 1923 San Isidro, prov. B. Aires, Argentina: WETMORE, Bull.U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 392, 1926 Resistencia, Las Palmas, Riacho Pilaga, Formosa, and Tapia, Tucuman, Argentina; Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; habits and plumages. Piranga Azarae BERTONI, Av. Nuev. Parag., p. 198, 1901 Paraguay. (Pyranga) azarae DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay: SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 Bolivia, Argen- tina, Paraguay, Uruguay. Piranga testacea LONNBERG (nee Pyranga testacea SCLATER and SALVIN), Ibis, 1903, p. 471 Colonia Crevaux, s. e. Bolivia. Piranga azarae HARTERT and VENTURI, Novit. Zool., 16, p. 171, 1909 Tapia and Tucuman, Argentina. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 179 (Piranga) flava BBABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 418, 1903 Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Diagnosis. Most nearly approaching rosacea and hepatica. From rosacea the males differ only in the somewhat more reddish, less orange, tone of coloration and the wider and more extensive grayish edges of the dorsal feathers. From hepatica the males differ by their redder tone, slightly smaller size, redder (less grayish or whitish) ear-coverts, and less grayish edges on the feathers of the back; eyelids more conspicuously pink. The females differ from hepatica by their less grayish back, less yellowish forehead, brighter yellow eyelids, and more olivaceous (less grayish or whitish) ear- coverts. Habitat. Described originally from Paraguay and since found in Uruguay and over north-central Argentina from Buenos Aires and Concepcion del Uruguay to Tucuman and Chilecito, Rioja. It inhabits eastern Bolivia up to and including the eastern part of the Sierra de Cochabamba. Northeastward of the Sierra de Cocha- bamba it is replaced by rosacea; westward it probably meets the range of lutea somewhere in northwestern Bolivia, between Cocha- bamba and Misque. Reed (1916) cites Burmeister as authority for the occurrence of the race in Mendoza, Argentina, but Burmeister (1861), on the contrary, states positively that it does not extend westward to Mendoza. Description. Males above dull Corinthian Red or Madder Brown x Pompeiian Red, broadly margined from hind neck to lower back with gray which sometimes all but conceals the reddish subter- minal areas of the feathers. Rump and upper tail-coverts brighter, with obsolete paler edges. Crown bright Pompeiian Red x Nopal Red or Jasper Red x Nopal Red, pinker just above the lores. Under parts Rose Doree x Coral Red; sides and flanks washed with gray. Auriculars about like crown, slightly streaked with whitish shaft lines; lores dusky; eyelids pale, pinkish. Wing 91-98 mm. (av. 95.6); tail 72-82 (av. 76.7); exposed culmen 16-18 (av. 16.9); culmen from base 20-22 (av. 21.4); tarsus 19-21.5 (av. 20.5). Females grayish above, between Citrine-Drab and Yellowish Olive. Below dark Amber Yellow, olivaceous on sides and flanks. Forehead and crown more yellowish than the back; lores grayish white with bright yellow upper border; eyelids pale yellow; auriculars like back. Wing 90-92.5 mm. (av. 91.3) ; tail 72-81 (av. 76.4) ; exposed culmen 15-17 (av. 16); culmen from base 21-21.5 (av. 21.2); tarsus 21-22 (av. 21.5). 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Remarks. This race is distinguishable from all other forms occurring in South America by the heavy grayish edges on the feathers of the dorsal surface which conceal the subterminal red (or olive) to a degree depending on the amunnt of abrasion. The same character is present to a lesser degree in rosacea but occurs even more pronouncedly at the far northern end of the specific range, in dextra and hepatica, where it is accompanied by other distinguishing features. In fact, the resemblance of flava and dextra is so pronounced that it seems probable that these two forms represent the nearest approach to the ancestral type which has remained most constant at the extremities of the range and reached its highest degree of modification somewhere in the intervening region. There is a certain amount of variability exhibited by specimens of the present race. Some are much deeper red (less rosy) than others. A male from Rio Vermejo, Salta, Argentina, is only narrowly margined with grayish above and resembles some examples of rosacea in this particular. Another male from Embarcaci6n, Oran, Argentina, is about the hue of rosacea below while above it is like typical flava. A male in the British Museum from San Jose* Misque (examined for me by Dr. Hellmayr) also resembles rosacea below; otherwise it is exactly like a male from Uruguay. A single male collected by Barrows at Conception del Uruguay, August 30, 1880, is quite pale below and may possibly indicate some such transition to saira of Brazil as occurs through rosacea in Bolivia, but it is badly worn and much of its pale coloration seems to be due to fading; the tone of red is still that of flava, not that of saira. The seasonal development of flava may be determined provi- sionally from Bertoni's (1918) record of nest and eggs in October at Misiones. Given a breeding season in October, the annual molt should commence about the end of December or the first of January and be complete in early April. Wetmore (1926) records a young male from Tapia, Tucuman on April 9, just completing its molt from worn yellowish green to adult red. The most perfectly plumaged adult male which I have seen was collected on April 28 at Vipos, Tucuman, evidently after the completion of the molt. Examples taken between April and December show various degrees of wear and a specimen from Macho Muerto, Oran, Argentina, collected December 20, is quite badly worn, pale and dull, probably ready to commence its molt. Wetmore gives the call note of flava as a not loud 'chip' or 'chu' and describes the flight as undulatory. Bertoni (1898) describes 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 181 the nest as being built of grass and leaves, lined with horsehair, in which were placed three eggs, white, speckled with cinnamon; the nest was built in a thicket. Barrows says that he observed the birds at Concepcion only in the early spring and that they gave no evidences of breeding, being silent, sluggish, and not very wary. Specimens examined. Argentina: Tucumdn, Vipos 1 cf; Con- cepcion 2 d" 2 9 ; Salta, Rio Vermejo 2 d" 2 9 l ; Oran, Embarcacion 1 cf 11 ; Macho Muerto 1 cf 1 ; Concepcion del Uruguay 1 cf 2 . Bolivia: Cordillera, Guanacos 3d 11 ; Pampas de Taperas (near Santa Cruz) 1 d 11 . Piranga flava rosacea Todd. P(yranga) mississipensis LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY (nee Tanagra mississi- pensis GMELIN= Piranga rubra), Mag. ZooL, 1837, cl. 2, p. 33 part, Chiquitos, Bolivia. Pyranga Azarae D'ORBIGNY, Voy. Ame>. MeYid., Ois., p. 264, 1839 part, Chiquitos, Bolivia. Pyranga saira SCLATER (necTanagra saira SPIX), P. Z.S. London, 1856, p. 124 part, Bolivia (part). Pyranga azarae SCLATER (nee D'ORBIGNY), P. Z. S. London, 1879, p. 601 part, Chiquitos, Bolivia. Piranga saira rosacea TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, 1922 Palmarito, Rio San Julian, Chiquitos, Bolivia; orig. descr.; type Car. Mus. examined. Piranga saira saira TODD (nee Tanagra saira SPIX), Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 92, 1922 part, Rio Quiser, Velasco, Bolivia. Piranga flava azarae HELLMAYR (nee Pyranga azarae D'ORBIGNY), Novit. Zool., 30, p. 241, 1923 Chiquitos, Bolivia; crit. Diagnosis. Males differ from those of flava by being more scarlet and less true red in coloration, being also less broadly margined with gray on the back. From saira they differ by reason of these grayish margins which are present, though narrow, in rosacea and absent in saira. From lutea the males differ by the presence of the gray margins and also by the different tone of red which is here duller and more orange. Females are less grayish than flava, paler than lutea, and nearest saira in tone of olive and yellow though grayer above. Habitat. Northeastern Bolivia, from Santa Cruz to the neigh- borhood of the Brazilian (Matto Grosso) boundary; northeast of the Sierra de Cochabamba. Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Specimens in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Description. Males above vary from Vinaceous-Rufous to Dragons-blood Red x Brick Red (in the type) and Dragons-blood Red x Pompeiian Red, with moderately narrow but distinct edges of gray on the back; rump and upper tail-coverts brighter, clearer. Crown brighter, Scarlet x Coral Red in the palest example, Scarlet x Dragons-blood Red in the type, and clear Dragons-blood Red in dark Rio Quiser specimens. Lores grayish white; auriculars like hind neck, plain or faintly streaked with whitish. Below almost Grenadine Red in the type, Apricot Orange x Orange Chrome in the palest example, almost Scarlet-Red x Scarlet in dark specimens; flanks a little duller, washed with grayish. Wing 92-100 mm. (av. 96.2); tail 69.5-77 (av. 72.3); exposed culmen 16-17 (av. 16.4); culmen from base 21-22 (av. 21.3); tarsus 21-22 (av. 21.2). Females above Yellowish Citrine or Light Yellowish Olive, with grayish edges on the interscapular feathers. Below Primuline Yellow to Wax Yellow x Amber Yellow, deeper on middle of chest which is sometimes deep Light Cadmium; flanks grayish or oliva- ceous. Wing 93-97.5 mm. (av. 94.5) ; tail 71-75 (av. 72.7) ; exposed culmen 16-17 (av. 16.5); culmen from base 21-21.5 (av. 21.2); tarsus 20-22.5 (av. 21). Remarks. The nomenclature of this race is involved in a tangle which requires some discussion. D'Orbigny (1839), in proposing the name azarae, gave a list of synonyms headed by Azara's "Habia punzo" and including Vieillot's Saltator flavus. He carefully explained his well-founded reasons for rejecting Vieillot's Saltator ruber (pre- occupied) and Lichtenstein's Tanagra mississipensis (a distinct form), but he ignored the name flavus, aside from placing it in synonymy, without giving any reasons for such rejection; probably it was because of its foundation on a female and consequent inappli- cability to the red males. He then proposed to rename the species under discussion in honor of the first author to give a good description of it, and applied the new name azarae in consequence. In his discussion of distribution, D'Orbigny recorded an occur- rence of the species from near Buenos Aires (erroneously regarding it as accidental), mentioned Azara's records from Paraguay, and stated that he, himself, had taken specimens also in the provinces of Chiquitos, Yungas, and Valle Grande, Bolivia. He gave the range of the species as lying on the eastern side of the Andes, from 15 to 34 degrees s. latitude. No attempt was made to separate the Bolivian birds as new, no type locality was given, and no type was designated. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 183 It is apparent that the name azarae was proposed for Azara's two Paraguayan birds which Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny had already united in a single species under erroneous determination as missis- sipensis Lichtenstein and recorded from Chiquitos, as mentioned in D'Orbigny's synonymy. Nevertheless, D'Orbigny's Chiquitos speci- mens are still in the Paris Museum and one of them is marked as the type of his azarae (Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., 30, p. 241, 1923). This specimen should not affect the status of the name azarae in view of the fact that the name was proposed as a new one for a species whose type locality already was Paraguay. The reference of Chiquitos specimens to this form was in error (in view of later discoveries), and the selection of one of them as a type was unjusti- fiable. In 1922, Todd described his rosacea as a race of saira from Chiquitos. Hellmayr (1923) noted that D'Orbigny's Chiquitos specimens were different from his Buenos Aires specimen and from a Chaco male and used the name azarae for the Bolivian examples in the belief that it had been proposed as a new name for missis- sipensis Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny instead of for Azara's two birds. Recently he has kindly compared a paratype of rosacea with D'Orbigny's Chiquitos birds and informs me that they are identical. Therefore, if the name azarae were not a synonym of flava it would have priority over rosacea. In describing rosacea, Todd compared it to north-Bolivian examples from the Rio Quiser, province of Velasco (adjoining Chiquitos on the north), which he identified as saira and from which he separated the new race by its rather paler coloration. The prox- imity of Chiquitos to the Rio Quiser on the north and to the Pampas de Tapera and Guanacos, Cordillera (where flava occurs) on the south, would leave rosacea under this arrangement with an extremely restricted range. However, the Rio Quiser birds do not compare satisfactorily with Brazilian examples of saira from Matto Grosso, Maranhao, Sao Marcello, and Goyaz (12 d" and 6 9 ), but appear to be much closer to rosacea, from which they differ only by being a little darker in hue. Curiously enough, they are closer to flava in appearance and size than are the type and paratypes of rosacea. In any case the examples from the Rio Quiser and Chiquitos together differ from typical Brazilian saira by having distinct grayish edges on the dorsal feathers while saira is clear red above without grayish margins. From flava this combined series differs by having the gray margins narrower and the general color more scarlet and less red. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Thus, if we extend the limits of rosacea to include all Bolivian birds found north and northeast of Santa Cruz to the borders of Matto Grosso, Brazil, we shall have a homogeneous and fairly well-marked race exactly intermediate between saira and flava geographically and taxonomically although of still quite limited distribution. The type series from Chiquitos exhibits noticeable variability. The type is the darkest of all but is paler below than any specimen examined of the light-colored macconnelli. One of the paratypes is much paler and two other males are intermediate. In the series from the Rio Quiser, one male has the head only slighter brighter than the back, showing an approach toward lutea. Another from Palmarito, Chiquitos shows a slight tendency in the same direction. Females also exhibit variability in the extent of the grayish dorsal margins and in the tone of yellow. Plumages and molts appear to be about as in flava. The Chiquitos birds were taken in May and are mostly full-plumaged. The three pale specimens have a few scattered feathers of a deeper red than the rest of the plumage which may indicate some abnormality in the unusually pale coloration. One bird is acquiring some slightly deeper red feathers on the throat and middle of the crown while several occipital feathers are quite pale and worn, but the rest of the plumage is not especially abraded. This skin possibly may exhibit the completion of the annual molt. The Rio Quiser birds were taken early in June. One is in fresh plumage with no signs of molt; one has a few pale, abraded feathers on the lower breast; a third has a few feathers on the mantle some- what fresher in appearance than the remainder. None of the specimens show evidence of regular molt. Little is recorded about the habits of this race. D'Orbigny's statements concerning his azarae may refer to his Buenos Aires specimen of flava but probably are intended also for the indi- viduals found at Chiquitos. He says that the birds frequented the tops of tall shrubs and low trees and were noisy and constantly in motion. Specimens examined. Bolivia: Palmarito, Rio San Julian, Chiquitos 4d* (inch type) 3 9 l ; Rio Quiser, Velasco 3 tf 3 9 x . Piranga flava saira (Spix). Tanagra mississipensis LICHTENSTEIN (nee GMELIN=P. r. rubrd), Verz. Doubl. Berl. Mus., p. 30, 1820 Sao Paulo; o". 'Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 185 Tanagra misissipensis (sic) LICHTENSTEIN, I.e. no loc.; 9 . Tanagra saira SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 35, pi. 48, fig. 1, 1825 "m(as)" (= 9 ) and 9 ; no loc. (subst. type loc. Rio, Berlepsch, 1908; subst. Caxias, Piauhy, Hellmayr, 1929); type Munich Mus. Tanagra Mississipiensis LESSON, TraitS d'Orn., p. 465, 1831 Bresil; 9 . Ph(oenicosoma) Azarae CABANIS (nee Pyranga Azarae D'ORBIGNY), Mus. Hein., 1, p. 25, 1850 Brasilien. Pyranga saira SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1856, p. 124 part, Brazil [Rio, Bahia, Minas, and S. Paolo (sic)]: idem, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 80, 1862 part, Rio de Janeiro: RIDGWAY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., June, 1869, p. 131 Brazil: REINHARDT, Vidensk. Med. Naturh. Foren. Kjob., 1870, p. 429 Barbacena, Sete Lagoas, Curvelo, and Paracatu, Minas Geraes; Campinas and Rio Grande de Parana, Sao Paulo: BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith., 2, p. 120, 1885 Linha Piraja (=Neu Petropolis, Rio Grande do Sul): SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 Brazil; Bahia, Pelotas, and Rio (trade skin?) : IHERING, Ann. Estado Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 119, 1899 Mundo Novo, Brazil: idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 151, 1899 Estdo. S. Paulo :RlBElRO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Jan., 13, p. 186, 1905 Caminho do Couto, Serra do Itatiaya: BERLEPSCH, Ber. V Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1063, 1912 Monte Alegre; Bahia; Rio (ex Sclater?); Ytarare and Ypanema, S. Paulo; Linha Piraja; Goyaz, Cuyaba, and Chapada, Matto Grosso: SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, pp. 484, 920, 1913 Serra do Erere" and Monte Alegre; ecol.: idem. Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 449, 1914 Monte Alegre, Serra do Erere", n. Amazonas, Maranhao: REISER, Denk. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl., 76, p. 185, 1925 Bandeira and Facenda Riachoela: H. SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 76, p. 535, 1928 Brazil; ecol. Pyranga coccinea BURMEISTER (nee Tanagra coccinea BODDAERT=P. r. rubra), Syst. Ueb. Thiere Bras., 3, p. 171, 1856 Minas Geraes. Pyranga Saira PELZELN, Orn. Bras., pp. 211, 371, 435, XLVII, 1871 Ypa- nema, Campo pantoso, Ytarere, Jaguaraiba, Porcos de Riva, Curytiba, Pitangui, Parana, Jose Dias, Goiaz, Ponte alto, Cuyaba, S. Paulo, Bahia, Minas; ecol. (Pyranga hepatica) var. saira RIDGWAY in BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. A. Birds, 1, p. 434, 1874 Brazil. (Phoenicosoma) saira HEINE and REICHENOW, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 17, 1890 part, Brasilien. Piranga saira ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 357, 1891 Chapada, Matto Grosso; plumages, molts, and breeding: HELLMAYR, Abh. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss., 2 KL, 22, p. 670, 1906 s. Brazil; crit.: CHROSTOWSKI, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsov., 5, pp. 487, 499, 1912 Vera Guarany, Parana: RIBEIRO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Jan., 24, p. 255, 1923 Retiro de Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya. (Pyranga) saira DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 Bresil, e. and s.: SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 e. Brazil. (Piranga) saira IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Bras., 1, p. 359, 1907 S. Paulo (Batataes, Campos de Jordao, Franca, ItararS): Matto Grosso 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII (Porto da Faya): BRABOURNB and CHUBB, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 418 part, e. and c. Brazil. l(Piranga saira) BERLEPSCH, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908 part; subst. type loc. Rio. Pryanga (sic) saira REISER, Denk. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl., 76, p. 85, 1910 S. Ant. de Gilboez, Bandeira, S. Maria, S. Philomena, Faz. Riachoelo, Piauhy. P(yranga) saira HELLMAYR, Novit. Zool., 30, p. 24, 1923 w. Minas (Bagagem), Goyaz, Lower Amazonas (Serra do Erere and Monte Alegre) ; crit. Piranga saira saira HOLT, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 57, pp. 262, 321, 1928 Serra do Itatiaya (ex Ribeiro). Piranga flava saira HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 14, pt. 8, p. 282, 1929 Maranhao (Codo.Cocos; Tranqueira;Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia); subst. type loc. Caxias, Piauhy. Diagnosis. Males separable from lutea by brighter coloration, especially of the crown; from rosacea by somewhat purer red without grayish tips on the back; from macconnelli by rather deeper coloration. Females clearer than lutea, deeper than macconnelli, and without the grayish dorsal margins of flava or rosacea. Habitat. Campos regions of Brazil except at the extreme northern boundary. Description. Males above dark Brazil Red x Nopal Red to dark English Red ; whole crown, especially forehead, brighter, Nopal Red x Scarlet to Scarlet, sometimes with an ill-defined superciliary line above lores to posterior border of the orbit. Lores dull whitish, tinged with red; auriculars like crown with whitish shaft lines not strongly developed; eyelids paler, pink. Whole under parts clear Scarlet-Red x Scarlet to Scarlet; flanks a trifle duller. Wing 89-98 mm. (av. 95.4); tail 71-79 (av. 74.1); exposed culmen 17-20 (av. 18.4); culmen from base 22-24 (av. 23.8); tarsus 19-23 (av. 21.5). Females above Yellowish Citrine, brighter on the crown and forehead; sides of forehead above lores about Primuline Yellow, extending backward over eyes in a poorly defined superciliary. Lores soiled yellowish; auriculars like hind neck with poorly pro- nounced yellowish shaft lines; eyelids pale yellow. Whole under parts Primuline Yellow to Primuline Yellow x Wax Yellow; flanks more olivaceous. Wings 87-97 mm. (av. 91.8); tail 67-78 (av. 72.7); exposed culmen 18-19 (av. 18.5); culmen from base 22-23 (av. 22.2); tarsus 21-23 (av. 21.9). 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 187 "Young in first plumage are greenish gray above, narrowly streaked with dusky; below pale yellowish white, more broadly streaked with dusky" (Allen, 1891). Remarks. This race is distributed over most of Brazil in such portions as present suitable open areas in which there is a scattered growth of trees and bushes. In heavily forested localities the bird does not occur, and this precludes its existence in the upper Ama- zonian region which is almost exclusively of that nature. It ranges intermittently from Sao Paulo to Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Matto Grosso, Maranhao, and western Para where it crosses the Amazon to Monte Alegre and Serra do Erere". The only record from Rio de Janeiro is questionable, being based on a trade skin of doubtful origin in the Sclater collection in the British Museum. The country about Rio, being heavily forested, is unsuitable for the species in any case, although clearance of the forest may allow the bird to become established there at some future time. Berlepsch was unjustified in suggesting Rio for the type locality of this race both for the above reason and because Spix is not known to have visited Rio and had no specimens from that region when he drew up his description of saira. Hellmayr's substitution of Caxias, Piauhy, is much preferable. The nearest approach to Rio in other published records is in Ribeiro's accounts from Caminho de Couta and Retiro de Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya. A female from Santarem, in Field Museum of Natural History, is quite definitely referable to saira, and a male from Serra do Erere" (ex Mus. Goeldi), across the Amazon northward, has been examined by Hellmayr who pronounces it likewise unquestionably saira. Evidently the Amazon is not a racial boundary in the present instance. Berlepsch and Ihering (1885) record a specimen of saira from Linha Piraja, Rio Grande do Sul, which Berlepsch later (1912) described as larger and darker rose-red than examples from Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Bahia, with wing 104 mm. and tail 84.5. In Berlepsch's manuscript notes another male is mentioned from Pelotas with wing 101 mm. and tail 83.5. No mention is made of any grayish dorsal margins in either example so that both are probably typical saira in coloration, although the unusually large measurements seem to indicate an approach toward flava which has been recorded from Uruguay immediately to the southward. There is a certain amount of variation among the adult red males which tends to approach the characters of other adjacent forms. 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Thus, a male from Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, is unusually pale and orange-tinted so as to be practically indistinguishable from certain examples of macconnelli, although it must be referred to saira because of its locality. It probably represents the extreme limit of variation in this direction. A male from Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, is the darkest of the series and has less contrast than usual between the color of the back and that of the crown, showing an approach toward lutea. Matto Grosso males are closer to rosacea than are specimens from eastern Brazil, as would be expected from the proximity of the ranges. Allen (1891) gives an interesting study of plumages and molts in Matto Grosso birds which, in its principal features, shows a close adherence to the rules demonstrated for flava and rosacea, although the chronology is slightly altered. According to Allen's conclusions, young birds in November and December molt into the plumage of the female and, at the following molt, the first year males acquire a variable proportion of adult male dress. Adult male plumage is not acquired by a single molt since males in September may have red, olive, or particolored livery. Adult males do not resume female plumage since some examples, in January, are molting from worn, faded red into fresher, brighter red. In general this accords well with facts secured from other sources. In the series at hand the molt appears to have begun in November and to have ended late in March, although one July bird and one September specimen show considerable renewal of parts of the plumage which other examples taken in the same months do not show. The molting specimen taken in September, in Matto Grosso, is acquiring many new yellow feathers to replace worn red ones, but these renewals are irregular and probably represent accidental loss and replacement. One November specimen from Tranqueira, Maranhao, sexed by the collector as a male, is in olive plumage molting into a deeper, more orange hue of the same color; the worn plumage is of full texture and does not suggest immaturity. A March bird from Sao Marcello is nearly all fresh red with a few old, worn, yellow feathers remaining on the breast. An April example from Matto Grosso, sexed as a male, is in perfectly fresh yellow plumage. Specimens examined. Brazil: Sao Marcello 1 d"; Inhuma, Maranhao 1 d" 1 9 ; Cod6, Cocos, Maranhao 1 cf 1 9 ; Tranqueira, 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 189 Maranhao 1 d" ; Philadelphia, Goyaz 1 cf ; Santarem 1 9 ; Chapada, MattoGrossoTc? 3 9 l . Piranga flava macconnelli Chubb. IPyranga azarae (Fanagra saira?) (sic) BONAPARTE (nee D'ORBIGNY), Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 31, 1857 Cayenne (coll. Deplanches); d\ "l(Piranga saira = P. haemalea?)" BERLEPSCH, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 116, 1908 Cayenne (ex Bonaparte). (Pirangd) saira BRABOURNE and CHUBB (nee Tanagra saira SPIX), Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 418, 1912 part. Brit. Guiana (part). Piranga saira macconnelli CHUBB, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446, 1921 Upper Takutu Mts., Brit. Guiana: idem, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 524, pi. 9, 1921 Upper Takutu Mts. and Quonga, Brit. Guiana. Diagnosis. Nearest to saira from which it is separable by an average of lighter coloration in both sexes. Habitat. Savanna country from the Takutu Mountains, British Guiana to the upper Rio Branco, Brazil; possibly similar country in Surinam and French Guiana. Description. Males with back Brazil Red x English Red to dark English Red; rump and upper tail-coverts clearer; top of head brighter, Scarlet to Grenadine Red, brightest above lores and on a poorly marked superciliary stripe. Lores soiled whitish; auriculars a little paler than crown with indistinct whitish shaft lines; eyelids possibly slightly paler, pink. Chin, throat, and rest of under parts Scarlet, faintly tinged with Scarlet-Red, to pale Scarlet x Grenadine Red; flanks a trifle duller. Wing 94-99 mm. (av. 96.3); tail 76-83 (av. 77.9) ; exposed culmen 19-19.5 (av. 19.2) ; culmen from base 22-23 (av. 22.3); tarsus 21-22 (av. 21.5). Females with back Pyrite Yellow; upper tail-coverts paler; crown and nape Sulphine Yellow; forehead brighter, approaching Primuline Yellow, a little deeper laterally above lores and along a moderately well-defined superciliary; eyelids paler yellow. Lores dusky yellowish white; auriculars like nape, with paler yellow shaft streaks. Under parts Lemon Yellow tinged with Wax Yellow; flanks a little grayer. Wing 91-93 mm. (av. 92) ; tail 73-76 (av. 74) ; exposed culmen 18.5-19 (av. 18.8); culmen from base 22-22.5 (av. 22.2); tarsus 21.5-22 (av. 21.8). Remarks. This race is not very well marked since the darkest example at hand is a trifle darker than the lightest saira (an unusually Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII pale example from Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, which is mentioned under saira). Averages, however, are separable and extremes of both sexes are noticeably distinct. The form, therefore, may be allowed to stand. Dr. Hellmayr has been kind enough to examine for me the type and other specimens of this form in the British Museum, including three males and one female from Quonga, one female from Annai, and the type from the upper Takutu Mountains. These specimens appear to be quite similar to the series in Field Museum of Natural History listed below. A young male from Quonga, taken November 1, has orange-red feathers on forehead, throat, and chest intermixed with the yellow plumage of the under side, which is brighter than in the Annai female. In the series at hand, a male from Serra da Lua, taken March 26, is in process of molt and has the two central rectrices and one tertial on each wing newly acquired but with distinctly yellowish terminal portions; a few new feathers on the forehead and lores are red, replacing old, orange-tinted ones, and several new interscapulars are olive; most of the plumage is badly worn and faded red. A December male from Boa Vista has several new rectrices, all on the left wing and all yellowish toward their tips; the adjacent red quills are not badly worn. A November male from Quonga shows molt beginning on the forehead, red replacing red. Bonaparte's record of a male specimen obtained by Deplanches in Cayenne, which he appears to be unable to identify with precision, may belong to the present race. Berlepsch tentatively suggests haemaka as the probable identification, but the bird is more likely to be macconnelli (or saira as suggested by Bonaparte) if it came from any part of French Guiana visited by Deplanches, appar- ently only the immediate neighborhood of Cayenne. There are no other records from that region, which is very heavily forested and unsuitable as a habitat of the species, so that it is doubtful if the specimen was actually secured at that locality. If the specimen is still in existence in the Museum of Caen, where it was deposited, its identity might be ascertained. Although the range of macconnelli adjoins that of haemalea on the north, the relationship to that form appears to be not directly but through the forms occupying Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 191 and Venezuela. This is of especial importance in view of the fact that haemalea has been taken at Quonga where macconnelli also occurs. It will be discussed in greater detail under haemalea. Meanwhile the connective forms of the Andean territory will be taken up in their order. Specimens examined. British Guiana : Quonga 1 d" . Brazil : Serra da Lua 1 d* 1 9 ; Boa Vista 1 rf 1 2 9 . Piranga flava lutea (Lesson). Pithylus luteus LESSON, PInst., 2, no. 72, p. 317, 1834 Callao, Peru; 9. Pitylus luteus LESSON, Journ. Nav. Thetis et Espe>., 2, p. 326, 1837 Callao. Phoenisoma Azarae TSCHUDI (nee Pyranga Azarae D'ORBIGNY), Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 287, 1844 Peru. Ph(oenisoma) Azarae TSCHUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 207, 1846 Peru. Phoenisoma lutea LESSON, Oevr. Compl. de Buff on, ed. Levgque, 20 (=Descr. Mamm. et Ois.), p. 346, 1847 Callao, Peru; descr. 9 . Pyranga satra SCLATER (nee Tanagrasaira SPIX), P. Z. S. London, 1856, p. 124 part, e. Peru. Pyranga azarae TACZANOWSKI (nee Pyranga Azarae D'ORBIGNY), P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 514 Junin, Peru: idem, op. cit., 1877, p. 332 Palmal, Ecuador: idem, op. cit., 1879, p. 227 Tambillo, Peru; crit.: SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1879, p. 601 part, Cangalli and Cinti (part), Bolivia: TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1880, p. 195 Callacate, Peru: idem, op. cit., 1882, p. 14 Chirimoto, Peru. Pyranga testacea SALVIN and GODMAN (nee SCLATER and SALVIN), Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292, 1883 part, Ecuador, Bolivia: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886 part, Jima, Ecuador (?); Chirimoto, Peru; Cinti and Cangalli, Bolivia. Pyranga Azarae TACZANOWSKI (nee D'ORBIGNY), Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 495, 1884 Junin, Tambillo, Callacate, Chirimoto, Lechugal, and Nancho, Peru; descr. Pithylus puteus TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 3, p. 513, 1886 Callao. P(yranga~), Azarae TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., Tabl., p. 79, 1886 diag. (Phoenicosoma) saira HEINE and REICHENOW (nee Tanagra saira SPIX), Nomencl. Mus. Hem., p. 17, 1890 part, Peru. Pyranga testacea tschudii BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. Lond., 1892, p. 375 Lima; orig. descr.: idem, op. cit., 1896, p. 345 La Merced, Peru: idem, Ornis, 13, pp. 82, 111, 1906 Santa Ana and Huaynapata, Peru: BERLEPSCH, Ber. V Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1064, 1912 Songo, Quebrada Onda, Cangalli, and Cinti, Bolivia; Santa Ana, Huaynapata, Marcapata, La Merced, Chanchamayo, Junin, Tambillo, Callacate, Chirimoto, Caja- bamba, Guayabamba, Suecha, Vina, Lima, and Lechugal, Peru: BANGS and NOBLE, Auk, 35, p. 461, 1918 Tabaconas and Huancabamba, Peru: CHAPMAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 121, 1921 Chauillay and Rio 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Comberciato, Peru: idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 677, 1926 Esmeraldas, La Puente, Portovelo, Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Casanga, Salvias, Lunama, Alamor, Pullango, Cebollal, and Celica, Ecuador. P(yranga) testacea putea BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1892, p. 375, footn. Pyranga tschudii SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 5, 1895 Cajabamba, Chusgon, and Suecha, Peru. (Pyranga testacea) Var. Tschudii DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 Pe>ou. Piranga testacea testacea RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 86, 1902 part (Peru and Bolivia ?). (Pyranga) tschudii SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 c. Peru and Bolivia. (Pyranga) testacea SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 384, 1909 part, Ecuador. (Piranga) tschudii BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 419, 1912 Peru, Bolivia. Diagnosis. More deeply colored than any other South American race except desidiosa and haemalea; clearer and deeper than testacea; darker and duller than faceta. Habitat. Peru, northwestern Bolivia, and Ecuador, in suitable territory. Description. Males with upper parts averaging Nopal Red x Garnet Brown (sometimes approaching Ox-blood Red); sides of forehead over the lores brighter, about Nopal Red; top of head a trifle brighter than the back. Lores dusky or dull whitish mixed with gray and more or less tipped with red; auriculars about like back with somewhat distinct white shaft lines; eyelids pale, Geranium Pink x Strawberry Pink. Below Scarlet-Red, lightly tinged with Spectrum Red on throat; breast near Nopal Red. Wing 88-98 mm. (av. 91.6) ; tail 71-84 (av. 76.6) ; exposed culmen 16-18 (av. 16.2) ; oilmen from base 20-23 (av. 21.6); tarsus 20-22 (av. 20.7). Females dull Citrine above, brighter on the head. Below Wax Yellow, more olivaceous on the flanks. Eyelids pale yellowish in contrast to the sides of face, Straw Yellow x Amber Yellow. Wing 84-91 mm. (av. 86.8); tail 73-79 (av. 75.6); exposed culmen 16-18 (av. 16.8) ; culmen from base 21-22 (av. 21.4) ; tarsus 19-22 (av. 20.7). Remarks. Berlepsch and Stolzmann in describing tschudii suggested the possibility that "putea" ( = lutea) of Lesson might be the female of the same form. There is little doubt that this surmise is correct. Lesson's description is fairly exact and there is no other bird of the region of Callao to which it can apply. The fact that Lesson later placed the species in the genus Phoenisoma (the type of which is Piranga rubra) further substantiates the identification. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 193 Lesson discusses lutea in his report on the birds collected during the years 1824 to 1826 on the voyage of the The"tis and EspeYance, but there is no evidence that this voyage touched at Callao, the type locality of the race. He similarly treats Pyrgita peruviensis in the account of the voyage whereas in the original description in 1'Institut, he says that it was collected in 1831. Presumably the type of Pithylus luteus had an origin other than the voyage of the Thetis and EspeYance. Nation did not find this species at Lima but Kalinowski collected two specimens there in 1899, one of which is the type of Berlepsch and Stolzmann's tschudii. I obtained it at Santa Eulalia a short distance inland from Callao. It is found throughout the subtropical zone of Peru and extends its range into the arid tropical as at Lima and Santa Eulalia where it frequents the lightly wooded valleys of the Rio Rimac and its tributaries. It is recorded from La Merced, Chanchamayo Valley, which is humid tropical, although the single specimen from that locality (a young male taken in October) may have been secured on some of the immediately adjacent subtropical hillsides; I did not find the bird at La Merced. Chapman (1921) catalogues the race as an arid tropical form in the Urubamba region although he records one specimen from Rio Comberciato which he calls humid tropical. The bird is not a regular inhabitant of the humid tropical zone, however, and is noticeably absent from all collections made in the lowland forests of northern Peru. The distribution in Bolivia is somewhat problematical. In a report on Buckley's Bolivian collections (P. Z. S. London, 1879), Sclater and Salvin record "Pyranga azarae" as having been secured at Cinti and Cangalli, although the number of specimens is not given. Several years later (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, 1886), Sclater lists two males from Buckley's Cinti collection as azarae and two males from Cinti and a female from Cangalli, also from Buckley, as testacea. These five skins in the British Museum have been examined for me by Dr. Hellmayr who reports that the two males identified as azarae are typical flava and the three testacea are typical lutea. If Buckley's records or data were reliable it would appear that flava and lutea both occurred at Cinti, in southern Bolivia, in spite of the lack of more recent substantiating evidence. On the other hand, Buckley's collections are believed to have arrived in London without other labels than numbered ones which the dealer who received the skins replaced by others containing details supplied 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII by the collector. As a result, data and specimens often became badly mixed, and no confidence can be placed in localities ascribed to many of Buckley's species not otherwise confirmed. The specimens of flava probably are correctly labeled and may have come from Cinti since Berlepsch (1912) records this form from Samaipata, Olguin, and San Jos Misque, and there is a skin in the British Museum from Sucre. The specimens of lutea are more likely to have come from the Yungas of La Paz or Cochabamba where Buckley also collected and where lutea has been taken by other collectors. So far as can be known precisely, the range of lutea in Bolivia embraces the Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba, meeting that of flava and probably rosacea somewhere in the eastern Yungas of Cochabamba and thence extending northwestward into Peru. North of Peru, lutea inhabits similar country in Ecuador. Most of the Ecuadorian records are from the arid tropical and subtropical regions around Zaruma and adjacent localities, and none whatever from the humid tropical regions of the north. At Esmeraldas it reaches sea level and it is probable that its range is more or less continuous from this point to southern Ecuador along the narrow stretch of coast line which Chapman (1926) shows to exist as a prolongation of the arid tropical zone, with a single break in the neighborhood of Valdivia. Sclater's record of "testacea" from Jima, e. Ecuador, was based on a skin in Buckley's collection which was labeled in London by a dealer and may not have come from that locality. Aside from this doubtful one, there is no record from eastern Ecuador. There appears to be no direct connection with the range of the species in Colombia, and in accord with this discontinuity of range I have found a corresponding disparity in the averages of Colombian and Ecuadorian birds. For this reason I have referred all Colombian birds to desidiosa with the exception of those found in the Santa Marta region, which belong to faceta. Throughout Peru and Ecuador (and probably also northwestern Bolivia) the variations of this race show the relationship of adjacent forms. The palest individuals of lutea are not far removed from dark examples of saira, and dark lutea approach desidiosa; dull Peruvian specimens strongly suggest testacea and bright examples more resemble faceta. Ecuadorian skins do not differ appreciably from Peruvian ones. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 195 A slight character has been detected in the series of lutea which appears to be of value in distinguishing it from desidiosa. The males of lutea have a rather distinct pinkish line extending over the lores to the eye and continued around the orbit on the tiny feathers of the eyelids which are distinctly brighter than the crown and auriculars. This pink line is quite noticeable in well-made skins but it is absent from desidiosa. Females have a similar character devel- oped in yellow instead of pale red. In testacea the line is paler and less marked while in figlina the eyelids are more whitish. Little has been recorded concerning the habits of lutea. Stolz- mann's notes, printed by Taczanowski (Orn. PeYou), are brief and agree with my own observations. He says that the bird occurs in flocks both in bushes and higher trees and that its alarm note re- sembles that of a thrush, being unlike the fine whistle of most tanagers. The stomachs of the birds collected contained insects, principally Coleoptera. The series of this race at hand does not give much information concerning the duration of the molt. A male from Chinchao, Peru, taken on November 8, is in the midst of a full molt, replacing worn olive and yellow by fresh red. A skin from Cullcui, Maranon River, taken December 13, is in full, fresh plumage, olive green, tinged with orange, and orange yellow. A May specimen from Hacienda Limon, Peru, is molting on head, body, wings, and tail, but in a very irregular manner. Whether this indicates a resumption of pre-nuptial molt, a difference in season between Hacienda Limon and Chinchao, or an adventitious renewal of lost plumage it is difficult to say. The irregularity of the renewals and the fact that none of the plumage is very badly worn suggest that the renewals are adventitious. An August male from Vista Alegre, Peru, is in moderately worn red, with irregularly placed yellow and ochraceous brown feathers some- what fresher than the remainder; the bird evidently has replaced certain parts of the plumage since the previous full molt. No breeding records are available for this race. Specimens examined. Peru: Santa Eulalia 2 cf ; Chinchao 2 d* 1 9 ; Vista Alegre 1 cf 1 9 ; Cullcui, Maranon R. 1 9 ; Hacienda Limon 1 d". Ecuador: Cebollal, Loja Id 11 ; Zaruma Icf 2 9 l ; Alamor Id* 1 ; Esmeraldas 2 c? 1 9 J ; Punta Santa Ana, Porto Velho 1 9. 'Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Piranga flava desidiosa Bangs and Noble. Pyranga lestacea SCLATER and SALVIN (nee SCLATER and SALVIN, 1868), P. Z. S. London, 1879, p. 502 Antioquia, Colombia: SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292, 1883 part, Colombia: SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886 part, Concordia and Antioquia, Colombia. Piranga testacea testacea RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 86, 1902 part, Colombia, Bogota: CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 613, 1917 part, San Antonio, Cocal, Popayan, and La Sierra, Colombia. (Pyranga) testacea SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 384, 1909 part, Colombia. Pyranga testacea faceta BERLEPSCH (nee BANGS), Ber. V Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1064, 1912 part, Antioquia and "Bogota," Colombia. Piranga testacea desidiosa BANGS and NOBLE, Auk, 35, p. 461, 1918 La Maria, Dagua Valley, w. Colombia; type Mus. Comp. Zool. examined. P(iranga) t(estacea) desidiosa HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, (2), p. 190, 1924 w. Colombia; crit. Diagnosis. Most like lutea but separable by the deeper red of the males and darker, more olivaceous green dorsum of the females; eyelids not paler nor brighter than the cheeks. Habitat. Both slopes of the western Andes of Colombia, in the neighborhood of the Cerro Munchique, and on the western side north to the Dagua Valley; probably also parts of the Magdalena Valley (Bogotd collections). Description. Males above between Garnet Brown and Nopal Red, sometimes inclining toward Cadmium, with the edges of the forehead somewhat paler; lores dusky gray or whitish with their color spreading a little over the extreme anterior part of the cheeks; auriculars red; eyelids red, not distinctly paler than the cheeks. Throat between Scarlet-Red or Carmine and Spectrum Red; breast slightly duller, nearer Carmine; belly paler, between Spectrum Red and Rose Doree; flanks Nopal Red; under tail-coverts like belly or a little paler. The breast, though deeper in color than the throat, is not strongly shaded with dusky. Wings and tail edged with dark Nopal Red x Pompeiian Red. Wing 91-98 mm. (av. 94.5); tail 71-79 (av. 75); exposed culmen. 16-19 (av. 17.9); culmen from base 21.5-23.5 (av. 22.3); tarsus 19.5-21.5 (av. 20.3). Females above Dull Citrine x Buffy Citrine; below Sulphine Yellow x Primuline Yellow, more olivaceous on breast and flanks, sometimes approaching Light Cadmium on throat and belly. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 197 Wing 85-95 mm. (av. 90); tail 71-74 (av. 72.4); exposed culmen 16-18.5 (av. 17.1); culmen from base 22-22.5 (av. 22.1); tarsus 19-22 (av. 20.6). Remarks. The birds from the western slope of the western Andes are all very deeply colored. Those from the eastern slope of the same range are not so uniform and show light and dark extremes. Two from San Antonio, Rio Cali, Cauca Valley, are deeper than the type; one from Cocal is lighter than some examples of lutea; others from La Sierra and Popayan are equal to some lutea but darker than most of that race while they are somewhat lighter than the dark extremes of desidiosa. On account of the apparent break in the continuity of range between Colombian and Ecuadorian representatives of the species, it seems more desirable to unite these intermediate Colombian specimens with desidiosa than with lutea. It is probable that desidiosa is found as far east as the Magdalena Valley. Berlepsch records Bogota among the localities for faceta. Hellmayr has examined the single male Bogota skin in Berlepsch's collection (now in the Senckenbergian Museum of Natural History, Frankfort) and says (MS.) that it is much darker on the top of the head and back than a series of faceta, and darker, more fiery red, beneath. This would seem to place it in desidiosa. The skin must have come from some subtropical region and not from the immediate vicinity of the town of Bogota, and it may have been from some- where in the Magdalena Valley although recent collectors have not found it or any form of the species in that part of the country. The material examined does not supply much information regarding molting periods, but it appears that desidiosa follows lutea and other southern races in this particular. A December and a January male are in fresher plumage than the rest of the series, a March bird is slightly more worn, and May and June specimens are noticeably more abraded. Specimens examined. Colombia: La Maria, Dagua Valley 4 d* 3 9 (including type) 1 ; San Antonio, Rio Cali 1 cf *, 1 d" *; La Sierra, Cauca 1 cf 1 9 2 ; Cocal, w. of Popayan 1 cf 12 ; Popayan 1 d" 1 9 2 . Piranga flava faceta Bangs. Pyranga saira SCLATEB (nee Tanagra saira SPIX), Cat. Amer. Birds, p. 80, 1862 part, Trinidad. Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 'Specimens in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Pyranga hepatica LEOTAUD (nee SWAINSON), Ois. Trinidad, p. 291, 1866 Trinidad. Pyranga haemalea SCLATER (nee SALVIN and GODMAN), Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 part, Trinidad. (Phoenicosoma) saira HEINE and REICHENOW (nee Tanagra saira SPIX), Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 17, 1890 part, Caracas, Venezuela. Piranga haemalea CHAPMAN (nee SALVIN and GODMAN), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 323, 1895 Caura, Trinidad: PHELPS, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 San Antonio, Venezuela: ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 168, 1900 Bonda, Onaca, Minca, Cacagualito, and Masinga Vieja, Santa Marta, Colombia. (Pyranga testacea) Var. Haemalea DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 part, Venezuela, Trinidad. P(yranga) haemalea PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 449, 1910- - part, Guyanas, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Piranga faceta BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 141, 1898 Santa Marta, Colombia; orig. descr., d" (type in Mus. Comp. Zool.): idem, op. cit., 13 p. 104, 1899 La Conception and San Miguel, Santa Marta, Colombia: ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 121, 1900 Santa Marta (ex Bangs). (Pyranga) faceta DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 Santa Marta: SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 Santa Marta, Colombia. Piranga testacea faceta HELLMAYR, Novit. Zool., 13, p. 57, 1906 Trinidad (ex Leotaud); crit.: BERLEPSCH, Ber. V Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1064, 1912 part, Santa Marta, Colombia; Cumana, Venezuela; Trinidad: TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Car. Mus., 14, p. 488, 1922 Minca, Cincinnati, and Las Vegas, Santa Marta, Colombia: HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, (2), p. 188, 1924 Galipan and Loma Redonda, Venezuela; Rio Mamera near Caracas, Bermudez (Campo Alegre, Quebrada Secca, and Los Pal- males), Venezuela; Aripo Mts., Trinidad; crit. (Piranga) faceta BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 418, 1913 Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Diagnosis. Males differ from testacea by being clearer in colora- tion, especially below where they are very slightly shaded on the breast; paler and more orange red than lutea. Females are brighter in coloration than most of the other forms, being paler and less golden than saira, more ochraceous than macconnelli, clearer, paler, and less golden than lutea, and most like flava in the tones of olive and yellow though without the grayish dorsal margins. Habitat. From the Santa Marta region of Colombia across northern Venezuela to Trinidad and south of Lake Maracaibo to San Cristobal, Tachira. Except for Phelps's record from San Antonio, Monagas, just south of the watershed, it has been found in Venezuela only on the northern slope of the northern mountains. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 199 Description. Males above between Brazil Red and Nopal Red ; forehead and upper margin of the lores a little brighter and paler; rump brighter. Lores grayish, tinged with red and with a suggestion of a lighter tint below the eye anteriorly; eyelids a little paler, pinkish; auriculars red with ill-defined pale shaft lines. Under parts between Scarlet and Brazil Red, slightly duller on the breast. Bill somewhat narrower and less swollen than in testacea but equaled in this respect by some specimens of lutea. Wing (including Bangs's measurements of the type and Hellmayr's measurements of fifteen skins in Munich and Tring museums Hellmayr, 1924 and MS.) 85-93 mm. (av. 82.4); tail 72-80 (av. 76.4); exposed culmen 16.6-8.5 (av. 17.7); culmen from base (one skin) 22.5; tarsus (two skins) 19-20 (av. 19.5). Females above Light Citrine or even yellower; whole top of head brighter, Sulphur Yellow x Pyrite Yellow. Breast Lemon Chrome; throat Empire Yellow x Pale Lemon Yellow; belly a little paler; flanks more olivaceous. Lores grayish; sides of head duller than the crown; eye ring bright, pale yellow. Wing (including measure- ments given by Bangs and a series of ten skins in Munich and Tring museums Hellmayr, 1924 and MS.) 82-90 mm. (av. 85.6) ; tail 69-79 (av. 74.2); exposed culmen 15-18.5 (av. 17.4); culmen from base (one skin) 19.5; tarsus (one skin) 19. Remarks. The bright, clear coloration of both sexes of this form is its most striking characteristic, suggesting the clarity of saira and macconnelli but of a darker tone with more of an orange tint and with the top of the head not so strongly differentiated from the back. In addition to the localities given in the synonymy and in the subjoined list of specimens examined, there are records from La Tigrera, Venezuela (Tring Museum) and San Cristobal and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (Berlepsch coll., Senckenbergian Mus. Nat. Hist., Frankfort) (Hellmayr MS.). The breeding season of faceta has not been indicated except by Chapman (1895) who mentions a male from Caura, Trinidad, taken April 21, with swollen testes. Todd and Carriker (1922) describe nest and eggs but give no dates. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 21, p. 279, 1905) does not record the breeding of this species but says that the general breeding season in the Santa Marta region is from about April 1 to the middle of June. Bangs (1899) notes molting specimens but gives no specific dates although his series of face ta was secured between January and April. 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Possibly the so-called molting specimens were in the peculiar mixed plumage which has the appearance of molt but which may persist for the entire season. Todd and Carriker (1922) record four specimens, taken from June 16 to August 2, which are said to show various degrees of transition from green to red plumage, but it is possible that these, too, are in a non-molting mixed plumage. A female at hand from Galipan, Venezuela, dated December 11, retains traces of immature plumage on scapulars, interscapulars, lower rump, lower throat, hind part of crown, posterior auriculars, etc., with the new plumage perfectly unworn; it is evidently in the final stage of the molt. The immature feathers which remain are comparatively unworn. A specimen from Caracas, Venezuela, taken March 27 and sexed as a male, also has traces of immature plumage, but these are very badly abraded, even in contrast to the rather worn general plumage of olive and yellow. There are a large number of adventi- tious renewals also in evidence, chiefly on the right side, and abnor- mality of some sort is suggested. Two April males, from Caracas and Maracay, respectively, show no signs of molt. The Caracas bird is entirely red and slightly less abraded than the Maracay specimen which has a spot of olive on the rump and one of orange on the right flank, while several of the greater and middle upper wing-coverts on the left are olive-tinted. The maxillary tooth is very large in the Maracay male and almost absent in the Galipan female. Todd and Carriker (1922) record faceta as abundant in the foothills and on the lower slopes of the San Lorenzo, mainly on the north and northwest sides, but rare in the Sierra Nevada although reported at Concepcion and San Miguel by Brown; also rare at Las Vegas, apparently not favoring the excessive humidity of that side of the mountain. It is suggested that the original habitat was the dry forest of the foothills while as the forest was cut away it advanced to higher elevations, remaining lower down where the forest persisted. Several nests were found. Two were among the roots of overhanging banks by the roadside on mountain slopes; one was in a small shrub about two feet from the ground on top of a bank. The two eggs resembled those of P. erythromelas. Specimens examined. Venezuela: Maracay 1 cf; Caracas 2 d"; Galipan 1 9 . 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 201 Piranga flava haemalea (Salvin and Godman). ? Ph(oenicosoma) Azarae CABANIS (nee Pyranga Azarae D'ORBIGNY) in SCHOM- BURGK, Reise Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668, 1848 part, Pacaraima Mts., British Guiana. Pyranga haemalea SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1883, p. 205 Roraima, British Guiana: SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 Roraima: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 part, Roraima: BERLEPSCH, Ber. V Int. Orn.- Kongr., p. 1064, 1912 Roraima. (Pyranga testacea) Var. Haemalea DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 part, Guyane. (Pyranga) haemalea SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 Guiana (Roraima): BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 418, 1913 British Guiana. P(yranga) haemalea PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 449, 1910 part, "Guianas het Binnenland" (ex auctorum). Piranga haemalea CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 523, 1921 Mt. Roraima. P(iranga) t(estacea) haemalea HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, (2), p. 190, 1924 British Guiana; crit. Diagnosis. Darkest and deepest of all races; resembling desidiosa but coloration deeper. Habitat. British Guiana: Mt. Roraima, the Pacaraima Mts. near the passage of the Cotinga River, and Quonga. Description. Males above Garnet Brown rather than Morocco Red; below Nopal Red rather than Brazil Red; throat paler, Scarlet- Red or Scarlet-Red x Rose Doree, in one specimen quite Rose Doree. No distinct pale eye ring but a few pale plumules on lower eyelid; top of head like the back, forehead not paler; auriculars uinform, like the crown but with the anterior part of the cheeks freckled with whitish. Chest duskier than the throat and middle of breast, while the throat is very much lighter than the pileum. Wing 96-98 mm. (av. 96.7); tail 78-80 (78.5). Females closely similar to desidiosa. Above not certainly distin- guishable but the throat brighter, approaching Primuline Yellow; no trace of yellow on the forehead. Wing 91-95 mm. (av. 93); tail 74-79 (av. 76.2). The above descriptions are those of four males and four females from Roraima, and one male and one female from Quonga, in the British Museum; also one male from Roraima in Tring Museum. These specimens were examined for me by Dr. Hellmayr since no material is available in this country. Remarks. The distribution of this form and the meagre infor- mation available respecting its habitat render its position somewhat 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII curious. It appears to possess evident relationship with testacea and desidiosa and yet it shows no signs of approach to macconnelli whose range adjoins its own. There are two specimens of haemalea in the British Museum from Quonga, male and female, and there is a male of macconnelli in Field Museum also from Quonga, and three males and one female in the British Museum from the same locality. All were taken in November, 1887, by Whitely. A female of haemalea from Quonga, in the British Museum, was taken the last day of October the same year. The male haemalea from Quonga and the male macconnelli in Field Museum are in full molt. Unfortunately there is little information available concerning the ecological associations of these two races. The normal habitat of macconnelli seems to be the campos or lightly wooded savannas, and the evidence, as far as it goes, seems to show that haemalea occupies the same sort of country. Whitely's specimens were taken at 3500 feet elevation, according to Salvinand Godman (1885), and on Roraima the savanna, broken by coppices, extends up the slopes of the mountain to an elevation of 5405 to 5890 feet before the forest actually commences, according to the accounts of im Thurn and of Perkins (Proc. Royal Geog. Soc., 1885, pp. 509, 529). Probably the records from the Pacaraima Mountains and Quonga refer to similar regions. Two possible explanations may be advanced for the occurrence of these races together at Quonga, and both may be correct. Some tanagers are proved vagabonds such as P. /. flava is known to be in Argentina (White, 1883), and individuals of this and other races have been found in the forest in non-breeding time associated with vagabond troops of other birds. Thus in October and November, haemalea may wander a considerable distance from its breeding range and so enter the region occupied by macconnelli which also may wander. On the other hand, the relationship of haemalea to maccon- nelli evidently is not directly, but through faceta, desidiosa, lutea, rosacea, and saira and it is possible that, with a connection so distant, the two forms may meet on common ground and exist together without interbreeding. If so, the case is not without parallel in other species of birds. Schomburgk's specimen, referred by Cabanis to "Azarae," probably belongs here although it is just possible that it belongs to macconnelli. The specimen is lost so that its identity can not be determined. It came from the Cotinga River near the passage 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 203 through the Pacaraima Mountains, and there is consequent proba- bility that the race to which it belongs will be found in the savanna country bordering the hills along the Brazilian- Venezuelan boundary, in which no collecting has been done. There are no breeding records for haemalea. The molting examples collected in November indicate a possible breeding period in June or a little later. Further study of this interesting form in the vicinity of Roraima and on the borders of the range of macconnelli should bring out important information which at present is lacking. Piranga flava testacea (Sclater and Salvin). Pyranga hepatica SALVIN (nee SWAINSON), P. Z. S. London, 1867, p. 139 Santa Fe, Veragua. Pyranga testacea SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1868, p. 388 Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua: RIDGWAY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1869, p. 133 part, Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua: ZELEDON, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 7, 1882 Costa Rica: SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 292, pi. 19, figs. 1, 2, 1883 part, Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua: ZELEDON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 107, 1885 Costa Rica: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 184, 1886 part, Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Calovevora, Chitra, and Santa Pe", Veragua: ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 Pozo Azul de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago (=Juan Vifias), and Cartago, Costa Rica: BERLEPSCH, Ber. V Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1064, 1912 Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Piriri, Costa Rica; Chitra, Santa Fe~, Calovevora, Veragua. (Pyranga saira) var. testacea RIDGWAY in BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. A. Birds, 1, p. 434, 1874 part, Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua. P(iranga) testacea RIDGWAY, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 455, 1887. Piranga testacea testacea RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 86, 1902 part, Nicaragua to Veragua: BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 309, 1907 Boruca and Paso Real, w. Costa Rica: CARRIKER, Ann. Car. Mus., 6, p. 855, 1910 Cerro de Santa Maria, La Vijagua, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, La Hondura, and Boruca, Costa Rica. (Pyranga) testacea DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 part, Nicaragua: SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 384, 1909 part, Nicaragua to Panama. Piranga testacea subspecies GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 282, p. 10, 1927 Cape Garachine", Panama. Diagnosis. Nearest to lutea from which it is separable by the duller, more brick-red coloration of the males and the slightly lighter under parts and more grayish olive upper parts of the females. Habitat. Central America from lower Panama (Cape Garachine") to northern Costa Rica (La Vijagua) ; probably also the province of Chontales, Nicaragua. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Description. Males above Mahogany Red to near Morocco Red; forehead usually hardly brighter. Lores, point of chin, and anterior malar region dingy grayish with fine reddish tips; auriculars reddish like sides of breast but with inconspicuous whitish shaft lines; eyelids a little paler than the sides of the head, pinkish. Throat Coral Red x Dragons-blood Red to Brazil Red x Pompeiian Red; breast Dragons-blood Red x Brick Red to Morocco Red x Madder Brown; belly dull Peach Red x Grenadine; flanks duller. Wing 90-94 mm. (av. 91.8); tail 71-74 (av. 73); exposed oilmen 18-19 (av. 18.2); culmen from base 21-24 (av. 22.2); tarsus 20-22 (av. 21). Griscom (1927) records the following measurements of sixteen speci- mens from Veraguas: wing 88.5-96.5 mm; tail 72-80; exposed culmen 17.5-19.2. A male from Garachine", Panama, measures: wing 87 mm.; tail 70.5; exposed culmen 16. Females above Dull Citrine; below about Sulphine Yellow x Primuline Yellow. Lores, base of malar region, and point of chin whitish; auriculars like sides of breast but with inconspicuous hair lines of pale yellow. Wing 86.5-90 mm. (av. 88.1); tail 70-71 (av. 70.5); exposed culmen 18-19 (av. 18.3); culmen from base 21-24 (av. 22.2); tarsus 20-21.5 (av. 20.5). Remarks. The record of this race from the province of Chontales, s. Nicaragua, is based on a young male collected by Belt which has not been examined critically in recent years. Ridgway (1902) thinks it possible that this specimen may be intermediate between testacea and figlina; it should approach, rather, albifacies but may be typical testacea. Carriker (1910) records testacea from the upper Caribbean slopes of Costa Rica (above 2000 feet), the central plateau (up to about 5000 feet), and the Pacific slope and lowlands, more especially in the southwestern part of the country. He states that it was found high up in the trees, seldom leaving the heavy forest, but says that he heard it at Boruca which is mixed woodland and savanna; Zeledon reports it from Cartago which is in a cultivated valley. It is probable that it is not restricted to heavy forest but that it also frequents clearings and the edge of woodland, at least in certain seasons, like the other members of the group. Griscom's discovery of the bird at Cape Garachine* among scrubby growths in an arid tropical region, in February or March, demonstrates the tendency of certain members of this species to visit lower elevations during the non-breeding season. This record 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 205 extends the known range of testacea some distance southward. The measurements of the Garachin specimen are slightly smaller than those of other recorded or examined specimens but the difference is small in view of the variation shown by other examples. Taken with the other specimens, the series has a range of measurement about equal to that of faceta. The molting season includes the month of August as is shown by a single specimen, definitely in molt, taken in that month; January, February, and June examples are fresh or moderately worn but not molting. A specimen from Cerro Santa Maria, Costa Rica, taken January 7, appears to be slightly immature. The rectrices are more pointed than in adult birds, the flanks are very obscurely streaked with dusky, and the upper parts have suggestions of dusky centers on the feathers. This bird is probably in its first winter plumage, having molted the preceding August or thereabout. Specimens examined. Panama: Chitra, Veragua 1 d" 2 9 1 . Costa Rica: Boruca 1 cf l ', Cerro Santa Maria 1 d* 1 9 2 ; La Vijagua 1 cf 2 ; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui 1 c? 2 . Piranga flava albifacies subsp. nov. Type from San Jos del Sacare, Chalatenango, Salvador. Altitude 3600 feet. No. 18,606 Collection of Donald R. Dickey. Adult male. Collected March 14, 1927 by A. J. Van Rossem. Original number 11,472. Diagnosis. Most nearly related to P. f. figlina from British Honduras and eastern Guatemala but size larger; general color deeper and redder (less scarlet or brownish red) ; sides of head whiter, with the lower part of lores, the anterior malar region, and the chin distinctly white, with grayish bases to the feathers; auriculars red or dusky red with prominent white shaft stripes, not brownish with obscure streaking. 'Habitat. Salvador to northern-central Nicaragua; probably adjacent parts of western Honduras. Description of type. Above between Morocco Red and Garnet Brown; crown a little brighter; back with indistinct paler margins on the interscapulars. Upper part of lores dusky grayish; lower part of lores, narrow chin spot, anterior malar region, and subocular Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Specimens in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII space white, with partially concealed grayish bases; auriculars Morocco Red, conspicuously streaked with white shaft lines; eyelids pink. Throat between Scarlet-Red and Rose Doree, with an indis- tinct dusky submalar stripe; breast slightly dusky Nopal Red, approaching dusky Brazil Red on sides and flanks; center of belly paler, approaching the color of the throat; under tail-coverts between dark Rose Doree and Peach Red. Wings Warm Blackish Brown; primaries edged externally with Brazil Red; secondaries, tertials, and upper wing-coverts edged with the color of the back; under wing-coverts Strawberry Pink x Geranium Pink; rectrices Dark Indian Red, edged externally with the color of the back. Maxilla (in dried skin) black; mandible bluish at base with a whitish median area and dusky tip. Feet dark brown. Wing 102 mm.; tail 80; exposed culmen 19; culmen from base 23; tarsus 22.5. Measurement of series: wing 94 (one specimen) 102 mm. (av. 98.7); tail 73-82.5 (av. 78.3) ; exposed culmen 18-19 (av. 18.4) ; culmen from base 21-24 (av. 22.6); tarsus 21-23 (av. 22). Description of females. Upper parts Yellowish Citrine; crown approaching Pyrite Yellow. Lores with upper part grayish; lower part with chin, anterior malar region and subocular space white; auriculars grayish olive with conspicuous white shaft lines; eyelids whitish. Throat deep Strontian Yellow with traces of a grayish malar line; breast Pyrite Yellow, passing into Citron Yellow or Strontian Yellow on belly; flanks like breast. Bill and feet as in the males. Wing 90-100 mm. (av. 93.7); tail 70-79 (av. 75.5); ex- posed culmen 16.5-19 (av. 17.8); culmen from base 21-23 (av. 22.2); tarsus 20-23 (av. 21.7). Remarks. A male from Matagalpa, Nicaragua, is duller and more orange-tinted than the type but darker than a Mt. Cacaguatique male. It is pure Morocco Red above and between Scarlet and Nopal Red below, with the throat between Scarlet and Rose Doree. It resembles faceta above except that the crown is duller (about like the back), the chest is not shaded with dusky, the throat is paler and clearer, and the whole under parts are more orange-tinted and less rosy. It has the distinguishing facial characteristics of albifacies and is larger than figlina so that it evidently belongs with the present race. There is some variation among the series of Salvadorian speci- mens. One topotypical male is paler and pinker than the others and the Mt. Cacaguatique male is more orange- tinted, being light 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 207 Mahogany on the back, dark Brazil Red on the crown, Scarlet (x Nopal Red) on the throat, Grenadine x Scarlet on the belly, Grenadine on the under tail-coverts, and Hazel on the flanks. The specimens examined were taken from December to March and there is none which shows signs of molt. A female taken on March 13 at the type locality is not quite adult. The upper wing- coverts are edged or tipped with buffy olive (whiter on the primary- coverts) ; the outer secondaries and tips of primaries are edged with grayish white; the innermost secondaries and tertials on one side only are edged with yellowish; the middle rectrices have been renewed while the outer ones are more worn. Mr. Van Rossem, who collected the Salvadorian specimens, assigns an associational habitat of pine-oak, pine-prairie, and coffee for these birds. The pine-oak preference is shown by all races from this point northward. Specimens examined. Salvador: San Jose del Sacare, Chalate- nango, 3,600 feet 6c? 49 1 ; Mt. Cacaguatique, 3,500 feet 4 d 1 49 1 . Nicaragua: Matagalpa 1 cf 1 ; San Rafael del Norte 3 9 . Piranga flava figlina (Salvin and Godman). Pyranga hepatica SCLATER and SALVIN (nee SWAINSON), Ibis, 1859, p. 15 e. Guatemala: COUES, U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. (Hayden Surv.), Misc. Publ., 11, p. 355, 1878 part, Guatemala: SALVIN, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 192, 1882 Guatemala: SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 291, 1883 part, Honduras: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 part, Guatemala. Pyranga testacea RIDGWAY (nee SCLATER and SALVIN), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1869, p. 133 part, Rio Manati and Belize, British Honduras: BOUCARD, Liste Ois. Guat., p. 33, 1878. (Pyranga saira) var. testacea RIDGWAY in BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. A. Birds, 1, p. 434, 1874 part, Rio Manati and Belize. Pyranga figlina SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 293, 1883 Manati R., Brit. Honduras, d" type in U. S. Nat. Mus. examined; Pine Ridge of Poctum, Guatemala, 9 : SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 185, 1886 Pine Ridge of Poctum, Guatemala; British Honduras. Piranga figlina RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 585, 1888 Segovia R., Honduras. Piranga hepatica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, (nee SWAINSON), Check List, ed. 2, p. 256, 1895 part, Guatemala: idem, op. cit., ed. 3, p. 289, 1910 part, Guatemala: F. M. BAILEY, Birds West. U. S., rev. ed., p. 381, 1921 part, Guatemala. Specimens in collection of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena. 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII (Pyranga) hepatica DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 659, 1902 part, Guatemala. (Pyranga testacea) Var. Figlina DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 658, 1902 Guatemala and Belize. Piranga testacea figlina RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 87, 1902 c. Guatemala (Pine Ridge of Poctum) to s. Honduras (Segovia R.) . P(iranga) hepatica COUES (nee SWAINSON), Key N. A. Birds, ed. 5, 1, p. 349, 1903 part, Guatemala. (Pyranga) figlina SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 c. Guatemala to s. Honduras. Piranga hepatica hepatica CHAPMAN (nee SWAINSON), Bird Lore, 20, p. 147, 1918 part, Guatemala. Piranga hepatica oreophasma F. M. BAILEY (nee OBERHOLSER), Birds West. U. S., rev. ed., p. 541, 1921 part, Guatemala: idem, Birds N. Mex., p. 666, 1928 part, Guatemala. Diagnosis. Similar to testacea but larger, with auriculars dis- tinctly brown or somewhat brownish with an admixture of reddish; a more or less distinct whitish semilunar patch below the eye; variable grayish edgings to the interscapular feathers. Females like albifacies but back more tinged with brownish; throat deeper yellow; flanks grayer, less olive; under tail-coverts greener, less yellowish. Habitat. British Honduras, eastern Guatemala, Honduras and the northern border of Nicaragua. Description. The type is Burnt Sienna above, paler and clearer on the upper tail-coverts, redder (approaching dark English Red x Brazil Red) on the top of the head. Lores dull, dusky gray; malar region paler, with an ill-defined semilunar patch below the eye somewhat paler, passing into dark Hazel on the auriculars which have only a suggestion of whitish shaft lines; posterior two-thirds of eyelids pinkish buff. Chin narrowly whitish; throat Grenadine Red x Scarlet, with a faint suggestion of paler streaks and with an ill- defined dusky submalar line; breast a little darker than the throat, about English Red, darker on the sides; middle of belly pale Grena- dine Red x Scarlet; flanks duller, approaching Kaiser Brown; under tail-coverts dull English Red with paler tips and edges. Wings blackish brown, edged with light Burnt Sienna; lesser upper wing- coverts Bittersweet Pink. Tail Walnut Brown, edged like the back. Some of the outermost greater upper wing-coverts are finely tipped with pale buff, not strongly pronounced. Wing 95 mm.; tail 75; exposed culmen 19.5; culmen from base 23; tarsus 21. Males from the Pine Ridge of Poctum are usually less orange and more pinkish than the type, with distinct grayish edges on the 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 209 interscapulars, a more distinct semilunar patch below the eye, and more pronounced whitish streaking on the auriculars. They vary from Dragons-blood Red x Nopal Red to Brick Red x Brazil Red above and Rose Doree x Scarlet to Scarlet-Red x Scarlet on the throat. Wing 88-100 mm. (av. 95.2); tail 70-80 (av. 76.2); exposed culmen 18-19.5 (av. 18.5) ; culmen from base 22-23.5 (av. 22.9) ; tarsus 21-22 (av. 21.9); measurements include those of one male from Sacklin, Nicaragua, in Munich Museum (ex Hellmayr MS.). Females as described in the diagnosis. Wing 84-95.8 mm.; tail 64.3-78.7; exposed culmen 17-17.5; culmen from base 23; tarsus 20-21.3; measurements include those of two females from s. Honduras and one female from Guatemala cited by Ridgway (1902). Remarks. The type of this race is almost sufficiently distinct from northern Guatemalan specimens to make the identity of the two groups doubtful. The Poctum birds are pinker and less orange than the type, with a tendency toward grayish edges on the back not shown by the Manati River bird. They show a noticeable approach toward dextra of eastern Mexico but seem to be closer to the type of figlina. There is also a tendency toward albifacies in greater length of wing and tail. Whether or not examples from farther west in northern Guatemala (where none have yet been taken) would show further transition toward albifacies is open to question. From this general region, figlina ranges southward and eastward across Honduras to northern Nicaragua. A male from Segovia, southern Honduras, matches the colors of the type rather exactly, although it has an admixture of olive and yellow feathers which alters the general hue to a more orange tint; it is necessary to examine areas of unmixed plumage to obtain the true tone. Another male from the opposite side of the river in Nicaragua shows undoubted affinity to the type in its dull coloration, lightly streaked brownish auriculars, and small size. A male from the same region in the Munich Museum has been examined by Dr. Hellmayr who advises me that it is figlina and not albifacies. As a matter of fact these three males and one female from the Segovia River show as much affinity to testacea as to albifacies and seem to connect those two races with figlina. It is apparent that the direct line of relationship is from testacea through figlina to dextra, while albifacies is an offshoot from figlina. The connection with testacea is somewhere in northern Nicaragua; that with dextra is near the boundary line of Guatemala and the state of Tabasco, Mexico. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII The only available dated specimens of figlina were all taken in February. Consequently no particulars are at hand regarding plumages and molts; the February birds are in full, evenly colored plumage. Specimens examined. British Honduras: Manati River Id" (type) 1 . Honduras: Segovia River Id" 1 . Guatemala: Pine Ridge of Poctum Sc? 1 . Nicaragua: Sacklin, Rio Wanks (= Segovia River) Id" 19. Piranga flava dextra Bangs. Ph(oenicosoma) hepatica CABANIS (nee Pyranga hepatica SWAINSON), Mus. Hein., 1, p. 25, 1850 Xalapa. Pyranga hepatica SCLATER (nee SWAINSON), P. Z. S. London, 1856, p. 124 part, Orizaba: idem, op. cit., 1857, p. 213 Orizaba, Vera Cruz: idem, op. cit., 1859, p. 364 Jalapa, Vera Cruz: idem, Cat. Amer. Birds, p. 81, 1862 part, Jalapa: SUMICHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, pt. 4, p. 549, March, 1869 Vera Cruz, from coast up to 3000 meters: COUES, U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. (Hayden Surv.), Misc. Publ., 11, p. 355, 1878 part, refs.: SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 291, 1883 part, Jalapa, Orizaba, and Vera Cruz: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 186, 1886 part, Orizaba and Jalapa. Piranga hepatica CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10, p. 40, 1898 Las Vegas, Vera Cruz: ? FRIEDMANN, Auk, 42, p. 551, 1925 Brownsville, Texas. Piranga hepatica dextra BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 20, p. 30, 1907 Jalapa, Vera Cruz (type in Mus. Comp. Zool.): PHILLIPS, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 Matamoras, Rampahuila, Galindo, Carricitos, Montelunga, and Realito, Tamaulipas, Mexico: CHAPMAN, Bird Lore, 20, p. 147, 1918 Vera Cruz to Nuevo Leon: OBERHOLSER, Auk, 36, p. 75, 1919 Cerro de la Silla, Nuevo Leon; e. Mexico. Diagnosis. Nearest to hepatica from western Mexico and south- western United States but a little smaller and somewhat darker; males clearer red above with narrower edges of gray on the feathers of the back; below about the same hue of Scarlet-Red or Scarlet. Females a little greener above. From figlina it is separable by darker red coloration of the males, with broader grayish dorsal edges and with a less extensive pale area on the sides of the face anteriorly. Habitat. Eastern Mexico from eastern Nuevo Leon through Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, northern Puebla (Hauchinanga), extreme eastern Oaxaca, and Chiapas, probably to the southern point of Texas. 'Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 211 Description. Males with back Brick Red, distinctly tipped with gray which wears off as the season advances; lower rump and upper tail-coverts clearer and brighter, about Hay's Russet, very narrowly tipped with gray; top of head brighter, Brazil Red inclining toward Nopal Red. Under parts Scarlet-Red x Scarlet to nearly pure Scarlet, paler and pinker in worn specimens; flanks brownish; breast, sides, flanks, and belly narrowly tipped with pale gray. Point of chin white; lores dusky gray; a semilunar patch of whitish below eye; auriculars dull grayish red with whitish shaft lines, more pronounced anteriorly; eyelids white or pale pinkish; subloral area dull whitish, connecting the lores and chin spot. Wing 93-105 mm. (av. 99.2); tail 76-83 (av. 79.4); exposed culmen 17-19 (av. 18.2); culmen from base 21-23 (av. 22); tarsus 21-22.5 (av. 21.5). Bangs's measurements of the type show wing 96 mm.; tail 74.5; culmen 18.5; tarsus 23. Females Yellowish Olive x Light Yellowish Olive on back, slightly tipped with grayish; upper tail-coverts clearer, greener; top of head bright Sulphine Yellow, duller and darker on nape. Lores dusky grayish; eyelids white; subocular spot whitish; auriculars olive grayish; point of chin narrowly white. Throat, breast, and under tail-coverts deep Wax Yellow; belly paler; flanks more grayish. Wing 96-100 mm. (av. 98.6); tail 77-79.5 (av. 78.1) ; exposed culmen 17-19.5 (av. 18.1); culmen from base 21-23.5 (av. 22.1); tarsus 21.5-23 (av. 22.5). Remarks. This race is a very good intermediate between hepatica and figlina, having the grayish edges of various parts of the plumage reduced in width but not lost. It has been recorded (as hepatica) by Salvin and Godman from Guatemala on the basis of two specimens without exact localities, one of which, in the Strickland Collection (ex Constancia), probably came from the northeastern part of the country near Vera Paz. These specimens probably are like certain Poctum examples some of which might be referred almost as well to dextra as to figlina but which I have called figlina because of other more clearly marked examples from the same locality; consequently I have transferred these Guatemalan records from hepatica, which they cannot be, to figlina. There is just a possibility that the name hepatica belongs to this eastern form instead of to the western race where it is usually applied. Swainson described hepatica from Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, a locality near Pachuca and in the eastern drainage although on the 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII central plateau. Bangs described dextra from Jalapa, Vera Cruz, in the same eastern drainage though near the coast. I can find no references to specimens from Real del Monte, except the type and it is possible that the form actually occurring there is really dextra, although hepatica inhabits the central plateau farther west. Until exact topotypes are available the question will remain open. A male from Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon, taken in mid April, is exactly similar in color and size to a number of males of hepatica from Coahuila, Jalisco, and Tepic, although the locality, being on the eastern side of the Sierra Madre del Oriente Mountains, is logically within the probable range of dextra. A young male (in olive plumage) and a female, both from Cerrode la Silla, Nuevo Leon, which, according to Oberholser (1919) is west of Santa Catarina, appear to be distinctly closer to dextra. It is possible that the Santa Catarina male is a vagrant hepatica, although it is dated near the breeding season, but it seems more probable that it is an unusually large and gray specimen of dextra showing the transition to the adjacent form of the western slopes. There is a close resemblance between dextra and flava. The present form is redder, less orange brown above and less grenadine below, with narrower grayish margins above and somewhat more conspicuous grayish margins below, while the top of the head averages a little darker red. In worn specimens of both races these charac- ters are much less apparent and certain examples are very much alike. A specimen of dextra from Oaxaca is strikingly similar to an Argentina example of flava. Its general tone of coloration is very slightly more orange or brownish and the auriculars are less reddish and more pronouncedly streaked with white; otherwise the two birds are inseparable. Sumichrast (1869) records "hepatica" (= dextra) as "everywhere distributed from the coast of the Gulf to an altitude of at least 3,000 meters." I have seen no actual breeding records for this race. Specimens examined are dated January, March, April, June, August, and September and follow the plumage changes of hepatica, molting variously from July to September. Friedmann (1925) recorded a specimen from Brownsville, Texas, which he identified as hepatica. From the geographical position of Brownsville in relation to Tamaulipas, Mexico, and the Davis Mountains, southwestern Texas, the nearest localities recorded in the respective ranges of the two races, it seems very probable that 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 213 this specimen belongs to dextra instead of hepatico,. It is a straggler in any case but is more likely to have come a short distance north from Tamaulipas along the Gulf coast than to have wandered from considerably farther west. Unfortunately the specimen is said to be in poor condition and preserved in alcohol so that future identification is problematical. If it should prove to be dextra, a new subspecies is thereby added to the United States fauna. Specimens examined. Mexico: Oaxaca 1 d" ; Jico, Vera Cruz 2d 11 ; San Vicente Chiapas Id 11 ; mountains near Tonata Id" 19 1 ; San Cristobal Id 11 ; Gineta Mountains Id" 1 9 2 ; Cerro de la Silla, Nuevo Leon Id 1 1 9 l ; Santa Catarina Icf . Piranga flava hepatica (Swainson). Pyranga hepatica SWAINSON, Philos. Mag., n. ser., 1, p. 438, 1827 Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico: SCLATER, P. Z.S.London, 1856, p. 124 part, Real del Monte: idem, op. cit., 1858, p. 303 La Parada, Oaxaca: BAIRD, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 302, 1858 Zuni and Fort Thorn, N. Mexico: idem, Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 222, 1859: SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1859, p. 377 Talea, Villa Alta, and Choapam, Oaxaca: HENRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1859, p. 106 New Mexico: KENNERLY, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., 10, p. 30, pi. 31, 1859 San Francisco Mts., Arizona: BAIRD, Birds N. Amer., p. 302, atlas, pi. 31, 1860: SCLATER, Cat. Amer. Birds, p. 81, 1862 part ?, Mexico: idem, P. Z. S. London, 1864, p. 373 Valley of Mexico: COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, p. 71 part, Fort Whipple, Arizona : SUMICHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 549, 1869 Vera Cruz : RIDGWAY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1869, p. 132 crit.: DUGES, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 140, 1870 Guanajuato: COOPER, Orn. Cal., p. 144, 1870 Arizona, etc.: COUES, Check List, no. 109, 1873: BREWSTER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 16, p. 108, 1873 descr. eggs?: HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler Surv., p. 108, 1874 Apache, Arizona; habits: BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, 1, p. 440, p. 20, figs, 9, 10, 1874: idem, op. cit., 3, p. 508, 1874 eggs?: LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 274, 1874 Sierra Madre, between Mazatlan and Durango: HENSHAW, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., p. 237, 1875 Apache, Willow Springs, Rock Canon, Bowie Agency, Camp Crittenden, etc., Arizona; habits; descr. nest: LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 19, 1876 Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts.; Chiapas: COUES, U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. (Hayden Surv.), Misc. Publ., 11, p. 355, 1878 part, New Mexico and Arizona s. through Mexico; syn.; descr.; habits; eggs: RIDGWAY, Nom. N. Amer. Birds, no. 163, 1881: BREWSTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 68, 1881 Chiricahua Mts., Arizona: idem, op. cit., 7, p. 146, 1882 Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; measurements: COUES, Check List, ed. 2, p. 42, 1882: SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Cent. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 291, 1883 part, Real del Monte, Guanajuato, valley of Mexico, Sierra Madre, Vera Cruz, La 'Specimens in Biological Survey Collection, Washington. 'Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Washington. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Parada, Talea, Villa Alta, Choapam, Guichicovi, and Gineta Mts., Mexico; New Mexico; Arizona: BREWSTER, Auk, 2, p. 197, 1885 Santa Rita Mts.: DAVIE, Egg Check List N. A. Birds, p. 16, 1885 descr. eggs?: SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 186, 1886 part, Arizona; Villa Alta and Mexico City, Mexico. Pyranga azarae WOODHOUSE (nee D'ORBIGNY), Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Col. R., p. 82, 1853 San Francisco Mts., Arizona. (Piranga) hepatica GRAY, Hand-list, 2, p. 60, 1870: SHARPE, Hand-list, 5, p. 385, 1909 part, Arizona; Mexico. (Pyranga) hepatica COUES, Key N. A. Birds, p. 112, 1872: SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neot., p. 22, 1873: DUBOIS, Syn. Av., 1, p. 659, 1902 part, Arizona; Mexico. (Pyranga hepatica) var. hepatica RIDGWAY in BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, p. 434, 1874. P(yranga) hepatica COUES, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 318, 1884. Piranga hepatica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, p. 291, 1886 s. New Mexico and s. Arizona: FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 140, 1886 Tezuitlan, Puebla; plumages, etc.: SCOTT, Auk, 5, p. 30, 1888 Santa Catalina Mts.; breeding; plumages: DAVIE, Nests Eggs N. Am. Birds, ed. 4, p. 337, 1889 descr. nest: MEARNS, Auk, 7, p. 260, 1890 Mogollon Mts., w. New Mexico; breeding in pine belt: ANTHONY, Auk, 9, p. 366, 1892 Apache, s.w. New Mexico: JOUY, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 779, 1893 Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco: FISHER, N. Am. Fauna, 7, p. 109, 1893 confluence of Beaverdam and Rio Virgin, n.w. Arizona: AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, ed. 2, p. 256, 1895 part, s. New Mexico and s. Arizona: NEHRLING, Our Nat. Birds, 2, p. 17, 1896: DAVIE, Nests Eggs N. Am. Birds, ed. 5, p. 408, 1898 descr. nest, eggs: RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 84, 1902 part, Mexican plateau; Ari- zona; New Mexico: OBERHOLSER, Auk, 19, p. 301, 1902 Chisos, Davis, and Guadelupe mts., Texas: F. M. BAILEY, Birds West. U. S., p. 381, 1902 part, s.w. Texas, c. New Mexico, and Arizona: OSGOOD, Condor, 5, p. 149, 1903 Dragoon Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona: V. BAILEY, Auk, 21, p. 448, 1904 Mesa del Agua de la Yegua and Bernal Mesa, San Miguel Co., New Mexico: SWARTH, Pac. Coast Avif., 4, p. 47, 1904 Huachuca Mts.; breeding; habitat; plumages: REED, N. Amer. Birds Eggs, p. 279, fig., 1904 descr. and fig. egg: BEEBE and BEEBE, Two Bird Lovers in Mex., pp. 306, 395, 1905 Colima, Coquimatlan, Mexico: V. BAILEY, N. Am. Fauna, 25, p. 37, 1905 Guadelupe, Davis, and Chisos mts., Texas, transition zone: SWARTH, Condor, 7, p. 80, 1905 Santa Rita Mts., Arizona: idem, op. cit., 10, p. 114, 1908 Huachuca Mts., Arizona: SMITH, Condor, 10, p. 75, 1908 Whetstone Mts., Arizona: idem, op. cit., 11, p. 59, 1909 Cuernavaca, Morelos: AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, Check List, ed. 3, p. 289, 1910 part, n.w. Arizona, n.e. New Mexico and w. Texas: VISHER, Auk, 27, p. 286, 1910 Catalina Mts., Arizona, above 6,000 feet: LAMB, Condor, 12, p. 78, 1910 w. coast Mexico; San Bias, Tepic: SWARTH, Pac. Coast Avif., 10, p. 62, 1914 Arizona, transition zone; S. Francisco Mts., Mogollon, Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca, Chiricahua, and White mts., Fort Whipple, Beaverdam and Vegas rivers: idem, Condor, 20, p. 21, 1918 c. Arizona, 6,000 feet upwards: WILLARD, Condor, 20, 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 215 p. 168, 1918 Huachuca Mts.: CHAPMAN, Bird Lore, 20, p. 153, 1918 plumages: F. M. BAILEY, Birds West. U. S., rev. ed., p. 381, 1921 part, s. w. Texas, c. New Mexico, and Arizona: SWARTH, Condor, 26, p. 189, 1924 San Francisco Mts., Arizona: WYMAN and BURNBLL, Field Book Birds S. West. U. S., p. 202, 1925 transition zone of mountains, s. w. United States. P(iranga) hepatica RIDGWAY, Man. N. A. Birds, p. 455, 1887: COUBS, Key N. A. Birds, ed. 5, 1, p. 349, 1903 part, s. Rocky Mountain region (U.S.). Piranga hepatica hepatica SMITH, Condor, 19, p. 17, 1917 Davis Mountains, Texas: CHAPMAN, Bird Lore, 20, p. 147, pi., figs. 4, 5, 1918 part, c.w. Texas, c. New Mexico, n.w. Arizona, and tableland of Mexico; migrations: BANGS and PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, no. 8, p. 403, 1928 Chivela, Oaxaca. Piranga hepatica oreophasma OBERHOLSER, Auk, 37, p. 74, 1919 Pine Canyon, 6,000 feet, Chisos Mts., c. w. Texas; c? 1 : WETMORE, Condor, 23, p. 63, 1921 Williams, Arizona; habits; note: F. M. BAILEY, Birds West. U. S., rev. ed., pp. 501, 541, 1921 part, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona: idem, Birds N. Mex., p. 666, pi. 71 (part), map 59, 1928 part, n. w. Arizona, c. New, Mexico, and c.w. Texas south over tablelands of Mexico (various records from N. Mex.) ;descr.; habits; nest and eggs; migrations: BANGS and PETERS Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, no. 8, p. 403, 1928 Chivela, Oaxaca, Mexico. Diagnosis. Nearest to P. f. dextra from which the males are separable by larger size and paler coloration, with broader grayish edges to feathers of the back. From flava the males are separable chiefly by the pale (duller and less red) auriculars with more white on the shafts of the auriculars, on the lores, below the eye, and on the chin. In general the red is brighter and less suffused with the gray which in flava not only tips the feathers but also affects the tone of red. Females are grayer above than those of dextra; they are almost inseparable from those of flava except by a little duller and less greenish auriculars, with more white on the subocular region, not always pronounced. Habitat. Western Texas, central New Mexico, and north- western Arizona south through central and western Mexico (west of the Sierra Madre del Oriente range), east to Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, and western Oaxaca; breeding throughout the range in the hills, migrating out of the United States in winter and descending sometimes to sea level. Description. Males with back light Hay's Russet or Brick Red, broadly tipped with gray; upper tail-coverts light Brick Red x Hay's Russet; top of head bright Coral Red x Light Brazil Red. Lores dusky gray with lower half whitish continued posteriorly as a whitish semilunar patch below eye; eyelids pale pink; anterior malar region white; point of chin narrowly white; auriculars dull red, tipped with gray and with pale shaft lines not prominent. Throat Scarlet 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII inclined to a more reddish tone; breast and belly a little paler, Scarlet x Peach Red, with narrow grayish tips; flanks pinkish gray; under tail-coverts Peach Red x Grenadine. In worn specimens the gray edges are worn off leaving the red color purer or clearer. In late breeding season the color may become considerably paler by fading. Wing 98-108 mm. (av. 103); tail 77.5-86.5 (av. 81.7); exposed culmen 16.5-21 (av. 17.9) ; culmen from base 21-25 (av. 22.7) ; tarsus 21-23.5 (av. 22.7). Females about Grayish Olive on back, brighter and greener on rump and upper tail-coverts; top of head greenish Wax Yellow, brighter above lores, greener on nape. Lores dusky gray; eyelids and subocular semilunar patch whitish ; chin usually narrowly white, rarely without white. Throat and breast Strontian Yellow to Primu- line Yellow, sometimes tinged with Cadmium; belly paler; flanks grayish; under tail-coverts Wax Yellow or Strontian Yellow. Wing 94-104 mm. (av. 99.4) ; tail 75-87 (av. 81) ; exposed culmen 15-18.5 (av. 17.2); culmen from base 21-23 (av. 21.8); tarsus 20.5-22.5 (av. 21.7). A young male has the back with centers of feathers broadly Clove Brown, margined with pale buffy white, giving a pronounced streaked appearance; rump and upper tail-coverts edged with pinkish buff, the central brown streaks narrower; top of head more Olive Buff, finely streaked with brown. Lores dusky gray; eyelids olive buff; subocu- lar semilunar patch indistinct, whitish; auriculars dull olivaceous gray. Chin narrowly white becoming Wax Yellow on upper throat where it has brown apical streaks; lower throat duller, more buffy, with streaks heavier, (breast probably like lower throat but in the specimen at hand the olive-ochre feathers of the adult plumage are appearing); belly and flanks Ivory Yellow, lightly streaked on belly and heavily streaked on flanks; under tail-coverts Chamois. Tertials edged and tipped with white; upper wing-coverts tipped with buffy white; primaries and secondaries edged with Yellowish Citrine; rectrices rather pointed, tipped with a yellowish white bar. Remarks. The application of the name hepatica is open to some question as has been discussed under dextra. If hepatica should have to replace dextra the name oreophasma is available for the western race. The separation of oreophasma from a southwestern hepatica as a distinct race, as proposed by Oberholser (1919), appears to be not fully justified. As restricted by Oberholser, hepatica would occupy only central and southwestern Mexico "north to San Luis Potosi ; west to central Jalisco (Guadalajara) and western Michoacan ; 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 217 south to Guerrero and Oaxaca; and east to Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and Hidalgo." In the breeding season, oreophasma would range from Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico south to central Jalisco and northern Coahuila, spreading slightly over the northern part of the range of hepatica in winter. The geographical line of separation southwestward from Coahuila to Jalisco would be rather curious since it crosses a region rather uniform in general characteristics without defining any well marked faunal region, although such separation is not impossible. To make the matter difficult of determination, winter birds from central Mexico are useless for comparison since they may be only visitors to the region if the southward movement of the northern birds extends so far. Specimens taken at the breeding season are unsatisfactory because the plumage at that time is so worn and faded that the distinguishing tints may have become obliterated. The most suitable specimens for comparison are those collected during the annual molt after sufficient fresh plumage has been acquired to show the characteristic colors and before the birds have left their breeding ground, or else specimens in full plumage from the extreme ends of the winter ranges where a single form alone exists. Out of the three specimens of the supposed southwestern form which I have seen that answer these requirements, two are matched perfectly by several examples from outside the possible range of that restricted race, and the third has the plumage suffused with an orange tint (as sometimes happens in other races of flava) so as to be totally unlike the other two. This specimen has the back Mikado Brown, rather broadly tipped with gray but with an olivaceous tone to some of the feathers which gives a general impression of Wood Brown x Fawn Color; rump a little brighter; top of the head Brazil Red x English Red; throat Grenadine Red; breast and belly Flame Scarlet; under tail-coverts Salmon-Orange x Bittersweet Orange; flanks Tawny-Olive; wings and tail edged with Orange-Rufous; belly and flanks finely tipped with pale gray. These differences from typical "oreophasma" are not shown by any other specimen at hand. In the matter of size, there is no pronounced difference although there is an average difference in the southern birds in the direction of the smaller dextra. In the series of males examined, "oreophasma" has wing measurements of 101-108 mm. and "hepatica" of 98-103 mm. (Oberholser records the type of "hepatica" as having a wing of 97 mm.). The exposed culmen of "oreophasma" measures 16-21 mm. and that of "hepatica" 17.5-18 mm., showing no difference 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII in average. Additional material might show a lessening of the small difference apparently exhibited in wing measurement; com- paratively few specimens are available from southern localities. There is so much variability in size among members of the flava group that it does not seem advisable to recognize racial distinction solely on a slight average difference in measurements. The range of hepatica thus may be given as the highlands of Mexico west of the Sierra Madre del Oriente and extending into Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. In winter the northern birds retreat southward, but there is no direct evidence to show how far south they go or whether the individuals which breed in northern and central Mexico have any southward movement. The latest record from the United States is given by Swarth (1908) as October 25, southern Arizona, and the earliest by Swarth (1904) as April 11, Huachuca Mountains. A record from Alamor, Sonora, January 6, given by Oberholser (1919), indicates that this locality is within the winter range of the species and may be near the point where the south- ern migration ceases. There is probably a vertical downward movement in winter from the mountains to the lower elevations, sometimes to sea level, but the southern movement may not extend farther than is necessary to insure a mild climate for the wintering birds. If this is true, winter specimens from southern Jalisco, Michoacan, and Mexico are not migrants from the north but resident birds. Only a large series of early post-nuptial specimens from southern Mexico or reports from bird-banding operations can settle the various questions relating to the status and movements of the species in that region. The series examined was collected variously in January, February, March, May, June, July, August, and October, showing the post- nuptial molt to take place between July and September as has been discussed in some detail in the introductory pages. The preference of hepatica seems to be for pines or oaks at the edge of pines. In the United States it is largely restricted to the Transition Zone at breeding time from about 4,800-9,000 feet, although it descends lower during migrations. The nest is described by Henshaw (1874) as a frail structure made of coarse rootlets and dried plant stems, lined with finer materials, and placed usually on low oak branches. The eggs are said to be three or four in number, pale bluish green, lightly spotted with browns and purples chiefly around the larger end. Breeding is in June and July, according to 1929 TOOTH-BILLED RED TANAGER ZIMMER 219 various authors. Henshaw gives the call note as composed of a repetition of the syllables "chuck, chuck" ; Wetmore (1921) transcribes it as "chewp, chewp." Specimens examined. Arizona: Huachuca Mts. 6cf 49; Santa Rita Mts., Madera Canyon 3cf . Mexico, Jalisco: Tuxpan 1 9 ; San Sebastian 2 c? 1 9 J ; Atenguillo Id 11 . Ocotlan Id*. Coahuila: Sierra Guadelupe 3d 1 29 1 . Tepic: Santa Teresa Icf 19 1 . Michoacan: Mt. Tancitaro 1 9 l . Mexico: Amecameca 1 9 1 . Guadalajara: Barranca Ibarra Id 12 . Oaxaca: Reyes Id 11 ; near Tontepec Id 11 ; La Parada I? 1 . Guerrero: Omilteme 1 d" l . Michoacan: Paticuaro Id 11 ; Querendaro 1 9 l . 'Specimens in Biological Survey Collection, Washington. Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Washington.